<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921</id><updated>2011-12-19T10:53:34.596-06:00</updated><category term='IBM'/><category term='吃'/><category term='John Grisham'/><category term='Medicare'/><category term='US'/><category term='CN'/><category term='游轮'/><category term='Music'/><category term='IT'/><title type='text'>^</title><subtitle type='html'>功夫熊猫</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>549</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-8225863247975859851</id><published>2011-12-05T11:55:00.001-06:00</published><updated>2011-12-05T11:55:53.703-06:00</updated><title type='text'>解读薄熙来</title><content type='html'>中共的第十八大召开前最关键的一场明争暗斗，是政治局常委的增补人选。 薄熙来和汪洋无疑是中共党内最璀璨耀眼的两颗新星。 他们无论谁上谁不上，看起来都会影响中国十八大后的发展。 以汪洋为代表的“广东模式”和以薄熙来为代表的“重庆模式”似乎成了中国下一步发展的两个选择。 广东是中国大陆最有活力、经济和政治相对最自由的一省，其发展模式是野心勃勃的，具有国际大视野，瞄准的是世界最发达的国家，做的是一个超级大蛋糕。 由于这个蛋糕很大很大，很多社会问题，如贫富不均、都可以在大蛋糕下面忽略不计了。 重庆的发展则是以“唱红打黑”为特征，政府为民除害，整治社会痼疾，解群众之难，大快人心。 无论广东还是重庆，经济发展都呈现出欣欣向荣、蓬蓬勃勃的局面。 至于哪个模式更好，这就是众说纷纭了。 这两种不同的喜好，就是最近网上说的“瑜亮情结”。 薄熙来是“瑜”，汪洋就是“亮”。很不幸今天的中国还是个人治的国家，谁当官谁掌权，对于国家的发展举足轻重。 汪洋是个什么人，很多人不知道也不想知道。 他出生于草根小民，除了他“团派”的印记外，没有任何背景。 他是靠自己的能力和手段一步一步爬上去的。 薄熙来是个什么人，似乎谁都知道了。 他是本文的重点。 因为他对中国今后的发展将起决定性的作用。 其他人，要么是过眼云烟，要么是陪衬，要么是垃圾，很快就会被历史遗忘。 一百年后很多人还会提起薄熙来，但很多人会不知道胡锦涛是谁。当今中国共产党内最有能力、最有作为的官员，就是薄熙来。 中共党内没有一个人的才华可以比过他。 他的一个特征就是很受“左派”的青睐，左派们给他打上了“毛”的印记。 乍一看薄熙来确实很“毛”。 他唱红打黑，动用特警为民工讨薪，让郊区农民享受城里人的待遇，大量建造“廉租房”，看上去确实很“毛”。 所以“乌有之乡”在显要位置开辟了一个重庆版，而那个版面的横幅上写着“走毛主席指引的社会主义道路”。 我不知道薄书记有没有去“乌有之乡”访问过。 但我觉得薄大哥很有可能被那帮人意淫了。为什么呢？ 如果说薄熙来是个真正的“毛”派，那他为什么要把独生子很小就送到英国的贵族学校读书，然后进入牛津大学、哈佛大学深造呢？ 瓜瓜在国外开豪华跑车，跟洋女人鬼混，他怎么可能不知道？ 有这样一个西化的儿子给他敲边鼓，很难让人相信他薄熙来是毛泽东的信徒。 即使他文革中曾经一脚跺断他老爸的三根肋骨，也不能说明他忠于毛泽东。 大家看他在重庆的作为就以为他很“左” 了，但如果看看在他发迹的地方 — 大连的所做所为，却会让人感觉他很“右”， 因为他在大连做的那些事，例如拆除毛时代的工厂建花园，这在当时一般的领导干部是不敢做那些事情的。 至于好大喜功，那是中共干部的普遍特征，跟政治立场无关。 后来薄熙来当商务部长，也没有搞“左派”喜欢的那些东西。 只是在他被贬到重庆后他才“左”起来。 为什么他要那么做呢？ 当然是要打击政敌，另外一个可能性就是当时“右”风盛行，他要东山再起，就必须走一条与众不同的路，逆流而上。 而这条路他走成功了，确实让许多老百姓拍手叫好，也让很多共产党干部拍案叫绝。假若当初党中央把他调遣到广东去当封疆大吏，相信他一样也会把广东搞得有声有色的。 事实证明，他是一个可以玩政治于股掌之中，利用左右两边挥洒自如的高手。 如果有人还是坚持薄熙来是个毛式领导人或“左派”的掌门人的话，那么请把“乌有之乡”从北京搬到重庆试试！那么，薄熙来到底是什么派呢？ 他内心是怎么想的，只有他自己知道。 这种人，说的好听点就是识时务者为俊杰，说的不好听就是善于见风使舵。 识时务也好，见风使舵也好，至少他是一个精明的政客。 他大学毕业的那个时候，很多“太子党”利用老爸的职权下海经商，捞得盆满钵满，玩女人玩到肾衰。 但他却进入当时并不看好的政界，从九品小官一步步爬上来。 他的太子党背景给了他两个好处：一是有人罩着，敢跟他捣蛋的人不多；二是底气足，敢闯敢干。 当时有“太子党”背景的从政青年并不止他一个，但他无论做什么事，都能做得有声有色。 这一点，他盖过所有的太子党从政者。 你可以说他是个具有远大抱负的政治家，也可以说他是一个野心家。 但无论你怎么说，他确实是个棱角分明，旗帜鲜明，敢想敢干的官员。 正是由于薄熙来的这些特征，他犯了中国古代和现代官场的一大忌，这就是他太张狂和显露了，以至于嫉妒他和害怕他的人太多。 如果他真的是一位皇帝家族里的太子，那倒也罢，皇帝为了自己的江山社稷，是会立他为后继者的。 如果中国是个民主社会，国家首脑靠民选产生，他薄熙来也会高票当选的，因为他有那个本事和魄力。 可中国既不是一个皇权国家，也不是一个民主国家。 今天的国家首脑是如何产生的呢？ 很简单，这就是政治局里面和外面的几个大佬们在平衡了各种利益集团的利益后，跟便秘一样硬挤出来的。 至于国家利益，那是另外一回事。 所以，当年在商务部踌躇满志的薄熙来本以为可以轻易拿下政治局常委，然后直奔总书记或总理的宝座，却叫一脚给踢到重庆，当个封疆大吏去了，让那个四平八稳但也几近平庸的习大少爷给捡了个大便宜。好在是金子总是要发光的。 几年后薄熙来这只几乎被煮熟的鸭子居然重新飞起来了。 不错，他确实囚禁过记者，也关押过律师，甚至他打黑也不完全是光明磊落的。 不错，薄熙来的重庆模式说白了就是唯我独尊下的群众运动和高压统治的文革模式，是权力的最大化----渗透到个人生活的方方面面，将个人置于公权的严密监控之下，不同的声音被压制了，从里到外表现出虚假的高度一致。 不错，薄熙来已经在重庆完成了对重庆舆论生态的完全控制，对重庆经济的完全控制，对百姓生活的完全控制，反民主等愚民措施正在推行之中。 So what？ 他的口碑仍然远好于那些平庸且贪得无厌的大多数官员。 这并非完全是洗脑的结果。 中共内部虽然在很多问题上有重大分歧，但在一个问题上却是高度一致的，这就是不能实行民主和法治。 因为，如果民主和法治在中国实现了，中共绝大多数官员都要下台。 一个没有民主和法治的国家，只要有贤人来管理也不至于糟糕透顶。 如果没有贤人来管理，至少也要由能人来管理，总比今天这样由一帮碌碌无为的庸人治国，半死不活地晒着要好。现在中国贫富悬殊的日益扩大，三公消费问题，仇富仇官和各种社会不公引发的群体事件越演越烈，使中国的社会安全环境越来越差。 而政治改革遥遥无期，连创造一个相对公平的法治社会都成了奢望。 政治改革不可避免要触及既得利益权贵的根本利益，所以无论如何，特权利益者们是不会同意的。 这些权贵遍布党政军和所有官方机构。 在既得利益权贵们的强力阻挠下，政改前途黯淡。 在这种局面下，唯一的指望就是一个精明强干的领导人的出现，即使不能打破僵局，也可收拾残局，为一个新的体制的产生起催生的作用。 是的，一个强人有时也是一个暴君。 但比起昏君来，还不如一个暴君来得痛快，因为暴君的最大好处就是有利于社会革命的到来。 中国最后的一个暴君一旦被打倒，中国将走上民主法治之路。薄熙来几乎不会成为中国的明治天皇，也不可能成为中国的戈尔巴乔夫，但如果有一天中国大乱了，那唯一不乱的地方，可能就是薄熙来管辖的地方。 裸官们全都逃到美国和他们的妻儿共享天伦之乐之时，就是新中国诞生之日。 如果中国有一天也出现了一个由反叛者建立的Transitional National Council，那个机构可能就设立在广东省的某个城市。 汪洋也许会被聘请为顾问甚至临时总理。 而薄熙来就是代表旧政府和新政府的代表达成妥协，实现新旧政权更迭的那个袁世凯大总统。 如果中国实现了民主，那么他薄熙来即使不能当上叶利钦，也有可能当上普京。 至于汪洋，当个总理也不是没有可能的。如今在中国就连小学生都知道，胡哥老早就只是个传说了。 习大哥只是新的传说。 连俺都不要说他了。 今后的十年，如果共产党还想掌权，唯一的指望就是薄哥了。 管他走什么路，管他向左转还是向右偏，都比今天这种混吃等死、半死不活的局面要好。 大家想想，清末如果没有李鸿章、袁世凯，会是个什么样子？所以，“瑜亮情结”可以休矣。 薄熙来和汪洋，无论谁当上政治局常委，对中国的发展都是有十利而无一害，因为他们谁都比现在那几个混吃骗喝的草包要强千百倍。 如果他们两个都进入政治局常委，那也是一件好事。 他们都很可能成为旧制度的送葬者或掘墓人。 最坏的情况是他们两人都没有进入政治局常委。 那将是中国的特大杯具。□ 解滨：反面解读薄熙来日期 11-12-05 专题: 华夏快递文章的URL: http://my.cnd.org/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=30884&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-8225863247975859851?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/8225863247975859851/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=8225863247975859851&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/8225863247975859851'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/8225863247975859851'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2011/12/blog-post.html' title='解读薄熙来'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-2951709015013904188</id><published>2011-03-05T10:35:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2011-03-05T10:35:50.433-06:00</updated><title type='text'>毛泽东访苏轶闻</title><content type='html'>时间：2011年1月7日(下午)&lt;br /&gt;主讲人：沈志华&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　主持人：各位来宾、各位朋友，大家下午好，由《文史参考》杂志社主办的文史大讲堂第三期今天下午在国图正式开始，我是《文史参考》杂志的总编辑王翔宇，欢迎大家。我们《文史参考》杂志社是由人民日报社主办的一本高端历史杂志，我们的宗旨是真相、趣味与良知，也就是通过时事挖掘背后的历史故事，体会历史人物跌荡的命运，以及探索国家和民族的前途、未来。我们搞的文史大讲堂活动是公益活动，目的是搭建起专家学者与普通大众之间的桥梁，使专家学者的声音、学术成果能够通俗易懂地走进更多普通读者心田。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　今天下午我们很荣幸地邀请到华东师范大学历史系教授沈志华老师为我们讲授毛泽东访苏轶闻。这个讲题也是几经反复才确定下来。沈老师是华东师范大学的冷战国际史研究中心主任，有很多著作，比如《毛泽东、斯大林与朝鲜战争》等等，他是研究中苏关系以及朝鲜战争方面的国内的权威专家。沈老师为人也很风趣，既睿智，又幽默。今天下午我们期待着他给大家带来一场精彩的演讲。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　沈志华：这个题目好像不像是学术讲座，其实也挺符合这个历史的，所谓轶闻是什么呢?就是散失了后来又找回来的东西，叫做轶事轶闻。我们对毛泽东出国访问的很多历史的史实都是重新找回来的，原来报纸上登的没多少，包括毛年谱和毛泽东传里，很多东西都在中国的档案或者在俄国的档案中，因为有档案的解密期，30年以后才披露出来。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　毛泽东一共出过两次国，一次是1949年12月到莫斯科，第二次是1957年11月，还是到莫斯科，其实这两次访问非常有意思，有一个特别鲜明的对比，第一次访苏就是为了建立中苏同盟，他去了就是为了签这个条约，第二次访苏是中苏关系最好的时候，但是从他访苏以后，中苏关系江河日下，差不多一、两年以后，中苏同盟就走向分裂了。中苏同盟的建立和中苏同盟的分裂，与毛泽东这两次访苏究竟有什么关系?我讲的内容主要围绕这个主题，它们当中有很多情况都反复出现，虽然表现不太一样。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　比如，第一次毛泽东访苏是毛泽东特别想去，从1947年就开始想去莫斯科，斯大林就是不让他去。第二次是赫鲁晓夫特别想让毛泽东去，毛泽东就是不答应，一直到9月份最后他才答应去，这里面就藏了很多故事。第一次访苏毛泽东特别憋屈，非常沉闷，心情特别不好。第二次访苏毛泽东心情好得不了，包括他睡床垫什么的，第一次访苏给他一个软床，第二次访苏也是这样，但是结果完全不一样。其实这两次访苏特别能反映中苏关系处在不同的发展阶段。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　下面先讲毛泽东第一次访苏。毛泽东在1947年的春天第一次提出他想去莫斯科，但是那时候斯大林比较担心，因为他不知道中国内战最后的结局是什么，如果最后共产党打败了，这时候把毛泽东接到莫斯科去，这个消息如果传出去对苏联非常不利，所以他几次婉言拒绝了毛泽东。刚开始他答应了让毛泽东来，当时毛泽东非常激动，就在山西一个打谷的场子修建了简易机场，等着飞机接他，后来斯大林说你别来了，你挺忙的，先忙你的事，等战争差不多结束以后你再来。到了1948年，大局基本上已定，国民党已经是兵败如山倒，这时候毛泽东又提出说要去莫斯科，说要向他汇报将来中共的一些方针、政策等等。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　开始斯大林也答应，但是犹豫了一下，就说你开始准备吧。毛泽东买了新帽子、新衣服、新皮鞋，准备了四大箱子向斯大林汇报，结果毛泽东临走的时候斯大林又来电话，说你现在来不是时候，我们委员都下去收麦子了，莫斯科没人，当时毛泽东非常气愤，但是也没办法，斯大林不让他去他就去不了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　到1949年初，因为他们俩之间发生了一个矛盾，就是关于和谈的问题，斯大林让中共和国民党和谈，苏联作为中间人调停，毛泽东坚决拒绝了，所以两人弄得很不愉快。1949年的时候，斯大林告诉毛泽东，莫斯科你就不要来了，我派人去，他就派了米高扬秘密访问西柏坡。访问西柏坡以后，中苏关系迅速升温。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　通过西柏坡的访问，斯大林知道了中国共产党将来就是要向苏联一边倒，所有政策跟苏联都保持一致，所以他非常高兴，加大了对中共援助的力度。6月份刘少奇率领中共代表团秘密访苏，两党关系更加密切，斯大林几乎答应了中共提出的所有要求，但是在这个过程当中出了一个问题。原来中苏之间有一个同盟条约，1945年蒋介石和斯大林签的条约，按照那个条约，中国同意让外蒙古公投后分离出去，同意把旅顺港租给苏联，还牵扯到大连港的行政权，等等。中国共产党马上夺取政权了，苏联很担心一个问题，怕中国共产党否认这个条约，所以他很想知道中共在这方面的态度。其实毛泽东心里也很清楚，他要向苏联一边倒，要采取跟苏联一致的政策，而且他要在党内，在全国人民当中宣传这点，要确立这个政策，有一点是他必须要迈过的障碍，就是把1945年这个条约否掉，重新签一个条约。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　其实双方内心的目标是完全不一样的，但是谁也不好讲，因为他们主要的目的是双方要合作，苏联要拉住中国，当时建立的社会主义阵营，他希望新中国能够加入这个阵营，毛泽东也希望共产党刚夺取的政权能够得到苏联的帮助，这方面是一致的。但是涉及到国家利益，确实是处在非常矛盾的状态。所以一开始双方都在试探对方，比如斯大林派米高扬跟毛泽东讲，旅顺港我们当时租用对你们是不公平的，但是当时是在国民党反动派手里，说是为了革命我们租用了，等你们夺取政权以后，我们就把旅顺港给你们，当时中共中央五大书记在那儿听着愣了，旅顺港是一个军港，我们也没有海军，你还给我们干什么，你还是先占着，等我们有了海军以后再收回来。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　同时毛泽东也提出来，旅顺港不能马上收回来，但是外蒙古想收回来，所以毛泽东跟米高扬讲，当时也是为了革命的利益，我们赞成外蒙古分离出去，建立革命根据地，但现在革命成功了，政权回到人民手中了，我们考虑到蒙古民族的统一问题，是不是请斯大林同志考虑让外蒙古回到祖国的怀抱。米高扬一听，马上给斯大林发了一个电报，说毛泽东现在惦记外蒙古了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　第二天他就给毛泽东宣读了斯大林的电报，斯大林讲“外蒙古独立是人民的选择，是通过公投的，是已经确定的事实，不容改变。现在有人要把内蒙古合并到外蒙古去我们坚决反对，为了中国的利益，我们希望还是不要谈蒙古民族的统一问题。”他们经历了这样一轮事态以后，到刘少奇去莫斯科的时候，刘少奇写了一个很长的报告，有一段专门讲中苏关系，其中就涉及到1945年条约的问题，刘少奇报告当中说，中共中央研究了这个问题，我们有三个方案：第一，新政权承认1945年的条约；第二，宣布废除1945年的条约；第三，暂时继承，日后修改。这三点苏共中央认为哪一点比较合适?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　我看俄国档案上斯大林在这个地方画了一个大圈，写上“这个问题等毛泽东来了再谈”，他没有跟刘少奇谈这个事，所以1949年10月中华人民共和国成立以后，毛泽东考虑一个很重大的问题，就是要跟斯大林解决《中苏友好同盟条约》的问题，到底是继承1945年的条约，还是重新签一个条约。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　这个时候毛泽东来一个干脆的，把以前说的这些都不管了，11月他给斯大林发了一个电报，说我现在有时间了，我可以去莫斯科，我去莫斯科的主要目的就是要签订一个新的同盟条约，讲得非常明确。过去档案没解密，在这个问题上说什么的都有，说毛泽东主要是治病去了，我看俄国人写，说毛泽东是来治病，不是谈条约，斯大林没有准备。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　其实不是，现在档案出来了，而且不止这一封，后来斯大林没有回电，毛通过周恩来又跟苏联外交部提出说主席要访问苏联，访问的主要目的是谈签订条约的问题，但是斯大林还是没有答复。他们名义上是给斯大林祝寿去了，那年斯大林70大寿，生日马上就要到了，怎么去呢?后来毛泽东又给他发了一封电报，说你要是同意签订新的条约，我和周恩来一块儿去，你要是不同意，我一个人去，你就告诉我，是我一个人去，还是我和周恩来一块儿去。斯大林还是没有答复，没办法了，后来他就一个人去。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　毛泽东那个人的性格是非常执着的，他见到斯大林第一面，12月16号，两人寒喧了几句，马上他就提出来，说我来之前中共中央召开了一次会议，关于1945年的条约我们是这样……话没说完，斯大林说，打住，你来之前苏共中央也召开一次会议，我们认为1945年的条约不能改变，必须保留，就把毛泽东的话给堵回去了，再谈就没意思了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　转圈转了半天，到最后毛泽东还是不甘心，说斯大林同志，周恩来同志要到莫斯科来，是不是让他来一趟。斯大林一想，又来了，你让周恩来来干嘛?反正我找他没事，你要找他你就让他来，俩人就谈不下去了。从公开的材料、照片、报纸看，斯大林对毛泽东非常尊敬，在斯大林祝寿的会上，站在最前排的就是毛泽东，其他所有人都在后面，在照片上一般看不到外国领导人，就只有毛泽东和斯大林站在一块，然后是其他的政治局委员，对毛泽东还是非常关照的，但就是不跟他谈正事，毛泽东非常气愤。他给刘少奇写了一封信，说我跟斯大林同志谈了一次，斯大林的态度非常强硬，他不同意谈条约的问题，请在京的政治局委员商量一下怎么办。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　过两天刘少奇回电，说既然斯大林同志态度这么强硬，祝寿完了你就回来吧，再谈也无意。再后来我就没有看到毛泽东的回电，但是我知道毛泽东没有按照政治局考虑的这个方案，他就不走了，他就呆在莫斯科了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　等到祝寿完了，各国领导人都走了，就剩毛泽东一人，他呆在宾馆里，也不出来，在那里发脾气，毛泽东有什么脾气呢?毛泽东不睡沙发床，只睡硬板床，他就把宾馆里的沙发垫拉出来，扔在地上，说“非要让我睡这个，我就是不睡”。他还有一个毛病，不会用马桶，他上厕所必须蹲着，不坐着，一个人在厕所里发牢骚，非让我坐在这儿，有什么办法。这都是他的警卫写回忆的时候写的。他也不出门了，本来给他安排去列宁格勒访问，去参观地铁，去集体农庄，都不去了，说头疼，一天到晚不出门。这弄得斯大林非常尴尬，说毛泽东怎么这样，人家祝寿完了都回去了，你也不回去，你不回去也应该参加活动啊。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　没几天外电传开了，谣言四起，说毛泽东被斯大林软禁了，中苏发生了严重的分歧。现在我们查到了，这个谣言是美国人造的，我看了美国国务卿给美国驻英国和驻苏联大使的电报，让他们造几个谣言，其中有一个就是这个，说毛泽东被斯大林软禁了。还有一个谣言说朱德和刘少奇发生政变，毛泽东回不了国了。到处乱造谣，这样弄得斯大林非常被动，他就找了王稼祥，说你们能不能跟毛泽东说说，好歹出来露个面，这样我们受不了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　后来他们怎么商量的现在没有材料，但是后来毛泽东就发表了一个书面的接见塔斯社记者的声明，那个声明怎么写的呢?记者问：毛先生你到莫斯科干嘛来了?毛说我来莫斯科除了给斯大林同志祝寿以外，我还要谈关于中苏同盟条约、商品贸易等一系列问题。这是第一次把这个事给挑出来。记者问：那您什么时候走?毛答：那就要看谈判的情况如何了。那意思就是你不签我就不走了。到12月底的时候，毛泽东跟斯大林就僵在那儿了，最后谁让步了呢?还是斯大林。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　斯大林1月2号晚上让莫洛托夫去找毛泽东，说斯大林同志同意按照中国的条件签订新的同盟条约。那天晚上毛泽东非常高兴，一脸的乌云散去了，立刻给周恩来写封信说，斯大林终于同意我的条件了，你马上做好准备，五天之后出发，十天以后到达莫斯科，你跟他谈判。然后毛就去冬宫、地铁、看电影，因为他不管这些细节。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　周恩来是20 号到的莫斯科，到了莫斯科以后，中国人不太知道，苏联人其实很有心机，斯大林虽然答应跟你签新条约，他们做了新的准备，从1月5号成立了一个庞大的条约起草小组，外交部、交通部等几个部委联合，把所有条约文本进行了修改，基本内容还是1945年那个条约，就是换了个名字，但是毛并不知道。这里其实很复杂，其实有两个内容，一个是条约，还有一个是关于中长路、旅顺港、大连港的协定。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　我说的主要是协定，我们一般都是用条约这个名词，实际上是那个协定，那个协定基本上维持了1945年的条款，但是中国人不知道，毛泽东不知道，等到20号周恩来到了，22号他跟斯大林、周恩来、米高扬、莫洛托夫所有人进行会谈，会谈的时候只谈了个原则，也没有给他们看具体条文，所以他们都不知道。直到23号，苏联把这个条文交了以后，毛一看就火了，说这不是换汤不换药吗，你弄了个新条约，中长路还是中苏共同占领、经营，旅顺港是等到对日合约签订以后再还给中国，另外还没有提大连港的事，毛很不高兴，跟周恩来说，你重新搞一个。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　周恩来他们就重新搞了一个条款，这个条款要求：第一，旅顺港的归还不能等到对日合约，对日合约不知道什么时候签订，所以加了一个条件，就是 1952年底以前必须归还；第二，关于大连港，大连港的行政权立即收回，所有租给苏联的物资全部无偿还给中国。最重要的就是关于中长路，中国提出立即收回中长路，而且是无偿收回中长路(中国长春铁路)，26号把这个方案给了苏联。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　他们内部怎么讨论的我们不太清楚，但是我看到了四份关于中国这个方案俄文的修改稿，其中有一份改动的是最厉害的，一共四页纸的条文，除了画杠杠就是叉子，不是叹号就是问号，最后签了一个名字——斯大林。从这个文件能看出来斯大林非常愤怒。但是，28号苏联把中国起草的草案退还回来的时候，基本上没有修改，基本上同意了中国的方案。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　也就是说，斯大林再次做出了让步，为什么?从我看到的材料来说，有两个原因，主要不是中国人，也不是苏联人，是美国人在这里面起到的作用。因为毛泽东到了苏联以后非常轰动，因为中国刚建国，中国元首就去了莫斯科，而且一呆就呆一、两个月不回来了，在那儿干吗呢?美国人就开始琢磨这个事，因为美国对中国的政策一直摇摆不定，从内战打起来以后，美国人就在犹豫，到底支持不支持国民党政府，一派说应该支持，另一派说不支持，国民党很腐败，你支持它干嘛，看将来的结果。讨论来，讨论去，最后他们确定一个方针，等尘埃落定，我们看清楚以后再决定到底支持谁。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　到1949年12月，尘埃已经落定，国民政府迁到台湾去了，中华人民共和国政府成立了，而且毛泽东到了莫斯科了，美国人就面临一个选择，现在必须表态，到底是承认新的政府，还是继续和国民政府保持这种外交关系。12月29号，美国国家安全委员会召开了一次政策研讨会，双方不同的意见，激烈的争论。军方、国防部、参谋长联席会议坚决支持蒋介石，说内战过程中我们一退再退，一让再让，共产党打到哪儿我们就撤到哪，我们再撤就没地方撤了，现在就剩台湾了，我们如果把台湾给了中共，整个美国在远东的防线会受到威胁，所以现在国家必须明确表示，要支持蒋介石，不能给中国共产党可乘之机，这是军方主要观点。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　但是国务院不同意，艾奇逊说，你们从军事的角度看问题，我们应该从政治的角度看问题，什么叫政治?首先你要分清谁是敌人，谁是朋友，中国共产党不是我们的敌人，我们真正的敌人是苏联人，如果把精力、钱财都用来对付中国共产党，而放弃主要敌人，在战略上就失策了，所以他说美国人应该采取的政策是亲近中共，分裂中苏，不能让中苏结成联盟，这样在战略上我们就成功了。那怎么才能亲近中共?很容易，你把蒋介石卖了就完了，把台湾让给中共，他必定感激你。不是现在中共要解放台湾吗，你就让他来，我们绝对不管。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　这样毛泽东就不会跟苏联结成同盟，这样在战略利益上美国就取胜了。杜鲁门一听，说，对，还是艾奇逊这招高。30号国家安全委员会就起草了文件，但这时候毛泽东已经去了莫斯科，中美之间又没有信息渠道，怎么才能让中国共产党知道这个?原来还有一个司徒雷登在南京，后来毛泽东别了司徒雷登，也给弄走了，双方没有渠道，杜鲁门说台湾从来就是中国的领土，美国对台湾没有任何野心，如果台湾海峡发生战争，那是中国的内战，跟美国一点关系都没有。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　意思就是，中国共产党要打就尽管打，解放台湾尽管解放。杜鲁门讲完了没听到什么反映，艾奇逊有点着急，不行，你传递的信息不够强烈，16号他又发表公开讲演，那就长了，讲了半天讲的都是中美之间有传统的历史的友谊，美国对中国多好，八国联军侵略中国美国也没有参与，美国在中国也没有租借地，说我们美国人对中国最好了，中国同胞们想想，你们外蒙古是谁分出去的，东北150万平方公里土地哪去了?这就是挑拨离间，所以斯大林看完以后非常生气，立刻把毛泽东叫过来，说艾奇逊这个讲话你看没看?毛泽东说我还没来得及看，斯大林说我都翻译好了，你看看，这人太坏了。我们立刻要发表声明，要反驳他。这里边他们俩还闹了点矛盾，为什么毛泽东后来不愿意，因为他们说好了要用政府的名义发表声明，来驳斥美国人的谣言。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　毛泽东也非常清楚，因为他回来以后在路上问了莫洛托夫，他说刚才斯大林同志说要以政府的名义正式发表声明是什么意思?莫洛托夫说，就是要用外交部的名义发表声明。毛泽东回去就给胡乔木写了一封信，让胡用新闻出版署署长的名义发表声明，为什么这样我们也不太清楚。师哲回忆，说毛泽东没听明白斯大林的话，其实我找的这个档案证明得非常明白，而且他专门问了一句，人家告诉他，就是用外交部的名义，毛泽东特意嘱咐胡乔木用新闻出版署的名义，斯大林非常生气，新闻那个东西在西方不是代表政府的吗，说你这是破坏我们达成的计划。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　但是毛为什么这样，我也说不大清楚，没有找到更进一步的材料。总而言之，他们在这些问题上都是不大愉快的。但是不管怎么样，中国也是这样表示了意见。这个事给斯大林造成了很大的压力，苏联内部也在讨论这个问题，我们不能让毛泽东空手而回，如果毛泽东空手而回，中苏同盟不能得以建立的话，美国人的计谋就成功了。所以，斯大林不得不让步。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　还有一个原因，斯大林让步得有个台阶下，原来两边争得这么厉害，就这么同意了，这时候就显示出周恩来的智慧，周恩来确实非常聪明。他28号的时候找斯大林，他说我要找斯大林同志谈个问题，斯大林说谈什么问题?周恩来说我谈谈外蒙古的问题，斯大林当时一听脸就变了，说毛泽东说你们中国共产党不再提外蒙古的问题了，你怎么又提。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　他说，不是，斯大林同志你想想，我们已经废除了1945年的条约，外蒙古独立是1945年条约签订的结果，是让外蒙古进行公投，隔了一年才宣布独立。现在我们废除了1945年的条约，外蒙古独立是不是失去了法律依据。斯大林一想真是这么回事，然后问应该怎么办?周恩来说，我们商量了一下，新政府发表一个声明，承认外蒙古独立。斯大林说这样很好。周恩来说，我起草了一个声明，您看看，斯大林一看，周恩来太狡猾了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　声明这么写的，中苏经过谈判，把原来中苏条约作为正本，以下两个文件作为附件同时发生效力，这两个附件，第一个是中国关于中长路、旅顺港和大连港的协定；第二个是关于外蒙古的声明。意思就很清楚了，因为你如果同意的话就一块儿同意，要不同意的话，那我们就打道回府。所以斯大林也没有办法，也只能这样了。2月14号《中苏友好同盟互助条约》就签订了，毛泽东就回国了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　当然后面有一个比较重大的问题，我讲到这儿你可能就会有这个疑问，毛泽东走的时候该轮到斯大林非常憋气，他原来冷漠毛，让毛觉得没趣就走了，结果还是让他同意中国的方案。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　从斯大林来讲，还从来没有见过这样的对手，所以斯大林非常气愤。在这种情况下，斯大林做了一件事情，我们后来对《中苏友好同盟互助条约》的研究都很少涉及到这个问题，但是在我看来这是一个非常核心的问题，什么问题呢?就是朝鲜战争，你知道斯大林什么时候决定发动朝鲜战争的?1月30号，1月28号他把中国的协定草案交回给毛泽东以后，两天以后他给金日成写了一封信，因为金日成想发动朝鲜战争不是一天、两天，一年、两年了，从1946年开始就有这个想法，但是斯大林一直反对，包括1949年，1948年底苏联红军都撤走了，1949年3月份金日成到了莫斯科找的斯大林，私下里就跟他谈，说我要统一，如果和平统一无法成功我可不可以采用武力的手段?斯大林说不行，说除非南朝鲜发动进攻，你才能反击，你不能主动进攻。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　等到1949年的6月份，美国兵也撤了，美国军队是1949年6月全部撤离的朝鲜半岛，7月份金日成又策划了一次先发制人的进攻计划，交给苏联大使转到莫斯科，后来苏共中央政治局专门召开了会议，答复也是不行，你不能在朝鲜采取武力行动，还是要和平统一。当然他也找了毛泽东，4月份派人到北平找毛泽东，当时毛泽东讲，武装夺取政权是正确的，中国共产党就是这条道路，你这做得很对，但是你这不能着急，我还没有统一呢，等我统一完了，我把部队调到北方，帮着你打南朝鲜。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　等到10月1号中华人民共和国成立了，金日成就着急了，又给毛泽东发了电报，你说的，你统一完了，就帮着我统一，你在天安门城楼上宣布中华人民共和国成立，你看我这儿还不行呢。这样毛泽东就很难办，原来毛泽东不想那么快宣布新中国成立，是苏联一个劲儿地催，说你整个大陆半壁江山拿下来了，你赶快成立，你不成立政府我们很难办。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　因为苏联原来跟国民政府有外交关系，现在国民政府也没有宣布垮台，你这新政府不成立，让我怎么办? 我是继续跟国民政府发生关系，还是跟你们。所以你们要赶快成立。那会儿毛不着急，后来没办法，苏联催了几次，就在10月1日成立。那时候西南共产党都还没有控制，更别说西藏，毛就没有答应(金日成)这个要求，他也没有办法跟金日成说，他就找斯大林去了，他给斯大林发电报，说金日成要打南朝鲜，我不知道怎么跟他说。11月5号斯大林给毛泽东回了电，说关于朝鲜的问题，我和你的立场是完全一致的，金日成还很年轻，不懂事，这个工作我来做，你就不要操心。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　我们看这个电报来来往往，一直到12月底，苏联都是反对金日成在朝鲜半岛采取武装行动，突然的，也就是1个月，到了1月底，斯大林给了一个电报给苏联大使，说请转告金日成，我同意他的计划，但这件事情要做得非常缜密，不能冒任何风险，让金日成到莫斯科来，我亲自跟他谈。后来第三天，2月1号他又发了电报，说昨天说的事非常秘密，不得告诉任何人(包括中国人)，毛泽东现在还在这儿，金日成不要来，等毛泽东走了再来。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　后来毛泽东走了，金日成就来了。这个事是很值得探讨的一个事，但是现在也有一些不同的看法，我个人的看法就是，由于《中苏友好同盟互助条约》的签订，使得苏联整个在远东的战略基地不复存在，什么战略基地?就是出海口和不冻港。从俄国开始，苏联在亚洲地区、远东地区就是为了争取出海口和不冻港，修中长路也好，租用旅顺港也好，都是为了这个。所以中苏友好同盟条约一签订，苏联整个在亚洲的战略意义就没了，只有依靠中国，在这种情况下，斯大林采取了新的战略方针，改变了对朝鲜半岛的政策。这个问题比较复杂，现在没有时间特别讲。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　从毛泽东这段访苏的情况看，他和斯大林的地位是完全不一样的，尽管他逼迫着斯大林做了很多让步，但是斯大林决定发动朝鲜战争就是对中国的报复，这就是毛泽东第一次访苏的结果。但是后来毛泽东决定要出兵朝鲜，为什么一定要出兵朝鲜?大家都反对，就他一定要出兵朝鲜，主要是挽救《中苏友好同盟互助条约》，因为别人心里可能不知道，但是毛泽东心里非常明白，他访苏是得罪了斯大林，当然开始斯大林是得罪了他的。所以能够挽回中苏关系，把中苏同盟重新建立在新的基础上，只有中国参战才能达到这个目的，实践证明后来也是达到了这个目的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1957年第二次访苏情况就完全不一样了，因为斯大林去世以后，从1954年10月份赫鲁晓夫第一次访华开始，到1957年底，三年时间，中苏两党的地位发生了非常大的带有实质性的变化，斯大林在世的时候，苏联是当然的领导人、老大哥，不可动摇，但是斯大林死了以后，特别是苏联经历了宫廷内部的斗争，因为赫鲁晓夫上台也是很曲折的，再加上苏共二十大波匈事件和1957年6月反党集团事件，经过这三件事，苏联共产党的影响力急剧下降，中国共产党的影响力急剧上升，三件事非常明显。苏共二十大批斯大林，毛泽东说赫鲁晓夫是揭开了盖子，捅了篓子，说批斯大林是对的，但是你这个批法不行，第一，不和我商量，你没有跟我们商量，自己就想批。第二，你事先没有做任何准备工作，斯大林从一个神一下变成一个罪犯，谁都接受不了，当时在苏联党内造成多大的混乱。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　赫鲁晓夫做秘密报告的时候，会议大厅里鸦雀无声，报告没做完，两个人当场休克，波兰共产党总书记贝鲁特心脏病复发，就死在莫斯科了，他接受不了这个事实。所以苏联党内社会主义阵营内部，东欧各国，包括中国，整个思想一片混乱。后来是中国共产党出来，政治局写了两篇文章，《论无产阶级专政的历史经验》和《再论》，这个文章发表以后，确实对稳定整个社会主义阵营的思想、情绪各方面起了很大的作用。第一篇文章出了以后，苏共中央印了20万册，全党学习。第二篇文章出来更不得了了，印了100万册。原来都是全世界共产党学苏联共产党的文件，现在是苏联共产党学中国共产党的文件，地位发生了变化。而且到 1957年的时候，莫斯科大学哲学博士考试，前提条件是你有没有读过毛泽东的实践论，如果没有读过，就没有考试资格。现在我们外交部档案，这方面的材料非常多。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　那时候东欧各国的思想非常活跃，批斯大林以后，双方在争论什么问题，最后争论不下去的时候，就一句话结束，就是我们等等，看看中国共产党怎么说，看看毛泽东同志怎么讲。再有，波匈事件的实质是什么?实质问题是赫鲁晓夫处理不了东欧的事，请中国帮着处理。1949年斯大林和刘少奇在莫斯科会谈的时候，曾经有个君子协定，说以后苏联共产党管欧洲革命，中国共产党管亚洲革命，毛泽东当然很高兴，好歹也管着十几个共产党。后来真的是，到 1955年的时候，越南给苏联写信，说以后是不是就不要再通过中国，越南想跟苏联发生直接的联系，苏联都拒绝，说那是中国共产党的事，不是我们的事。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　但是到了1956年就出了这个问题，欧洲的事苏联管不了，波兰出事你管得了吗?匈牙利出事你管得了吗?管不了，赫鲁晓夫没有经验，办事又莽撞，请中国共产党。波匈事件的时候，刘少奇坐镇莫斯科，当然刘少奇也得请示毛泽东，1957年1月份波匈事件过去了，东欧的反弹情绪非常大，赫鲁晓夫没有办法，治不住这个，求毛泽东，你能不能到苏联和东欧来一趟，毛泽东回电，说就不用我去了，周恩来去就行了，把周恩来派去了，周恩来一会儿布达佩斯，一会儿华沙，一会儿莫斯科来回跑，最后就平息了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　后来赫鲁晓夫非常佩服，他们觉得还是中国共产党厉害。这事过去不到半年，苏联发生宫廷政变，因为赫鲁晓夫把那些人打下去，他提拔了很多年轻干部、中央委员，直接威胁到这些老辈的地位，像马林科夫、莫洛托夫、塔卡洛维奇等等这些人，而且他们在方针政策上跟赫鲁晓夫也有分歧，他们趋于保守，赫鲁晓夫老想改革这、改革那。到8月份苏共中央政治局就要改选，所以保守派非常担心，6月份在一次召开的政治局会议上，突然宣布说罢免赫鲁晓夫，赫鲁晓夫都蒙了，本来这个位子是总书记坐的，赫鲁晓夫说你怎么坐在这儿了，这是我的位置，说你先坐在这儿，坐下以后，今天会议议程是讨论罢免赫鲁晓夫总书记的职务。赫鲁晓夫这人有小聪明，你不是罢免我吗，你得容我检讨，我有错误，我要求检查，你不能不让他发言。赫鲁晓夫检查特别长，没完没了，下班了还没完，说我明天接着检查，人家也没有办法，那你明天接着检查。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　半夜他给国防部长朱可夫打电话，说你立刻派直升飞机，把所有的中央委员连夜调到莫斯科。第二天清晨政治局正开会，200多中央委员把克里姆林宫给包围了，要求召开中央全会，罢免总书记只有中央全会才有权力，政治局没有这个权力。朱可夫往克里姆林宫门口一站说，没有我的命令，我看谁敢出去，没办法，就召开了中央全会。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　一召开中央全会，这些元老都成了反党集团分子，出了马林科夫、莫洛托夫反党集团案，第二天就公布，这一公布又像一颗炸弹投在社会主义阵营，所有国家都不能理解，像莫洛托夫跟列宁一块参加十月革命一块起来的，怎么就成反党集团了呢?马林科夫原来是斯大林的秘书，斯大林去世以后是名义上的接班人，后来被赫鲁晓夫玩点阴谋弄下来了，怎么都成反党集团了，大家都不能理解。过去做法是，一见事，苏联只要一登报，所有社会主义国家都要见报，这次就不一样了，苏联登了报，苏联揭出了新的反党集团，各国都没有反应，大概只有保加利亚、捷克斯洛伐克吧，其他国家都没登，等着中国，说中国不说话，我们也不能说话。赫鲁晓夫一看这事麻烦了，马上派米高扬，说你赶快到北京去一趟，无论如何毛要支持一下，他不支持，整个社会主义阵营就乱了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　后来米高扬就来了，毛还没在北京，坐飞机又到杭州去见毛，谈得非常好，谈了8个小时，谈完了毛说，我支持赫鲁晓夫同志，赫鲁晓夫同志做得对，我们不能允许这种非组织活动等等，讲了一通，米高扬说，你不能光这么说，得见报，要不然我们也受不了。毛跟刘少奇讲，通知明天见报。米高扬非常高兴，坐飞机就回去了，当时阎明复陪着他去的杭州，米高扬是连夜回去的，天气还不好，米高扬在飞机上说，我总算完成任务，就算飞机摔下来我也认了。中共一登报，其它各党都跟着登报，这个风波就过去了。在这种情况下毛泽东及中共的地位在1957年的时候已经越来越高，这时候发生了这么多事，很需要共产党开一个大会进行总结。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　赫鲁晓夫很想利用11月 7号十月革命节的时候，各国共产党都去莫斯科，然后开一个世界共产党领导人大会，来统一思想。在这个会议筹备的过程中，赫鲁晓夫几次让苏联大使派人来，想听毛泽东去不去这个会，因为这次率团如果不是毛泽东的话，他就觉得这次这个会开的就没有意思了。他几次问，毛泽东一直没有答复，开始说看情况吧，又是11 月，毛泽东说天太冷，我怕感冒，不去。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　赫鲁晓夫非常担心，一直到9月份，9月份发生了一个事，我不知道这俩有没有直接联系，但是很可能有直接联系，就是苏联答应向中国提供原子弹的技术。原来苏联一直不同意，从斯大林开始，刘少奇去莫斯科的时候，斯大林炫耀地给他看了一场电影，后来毛去了以后，说原子弹很厉害，斯大林说那看场电影吧，毛泽东在火车上就讲，原子弹太厉害了，我们一定得搞。后来派人联系，苏联就捂着盖着，说这个不能看、那个不能看。赫鲁晓夫改了，但是也是给中国和平利用原子能的援助技术。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　一直到9月份，赫鲁晓夫突然通知中国，说你们可以派代表团来谈这个问题，那个时候中国提了好几次，苏联婉言拒绝，也可能毛一下高兴了，行，我去吧。赫鲁晓夫一听毛泽东来，非常高兴，开始做精心准备。外交部档案馆来来往往的电报，讲原来苏联设计好了，在莫斯科的机场毛要发表机场讲演，然后夹道欢迎，从机场一直到克里姆林宫，毛去了以后，说不行，你们那儿天太冷，我坐不了敞篷车，我直接坐车到住处。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　那时候飞机不能直接飞到莫斯科，到伊尔库茨克，人家到国境来接，毛连飞机都不下，说外头天冷，我就不下去，你们谁要看我就上来，人家都登着上飞机了。他第一次访问莫斯科的时候有些生活细节没有搞好，毛泽东很不高兴，这次赫鲁晓夫特别注意，专门请汪东兴打前站去了一趟，说我知道主席怕冷，所有共产党代表团都住在列宁山，那是别墅区，但只有把主席安排在克里姆林宫，沙皇的寝宫，到会场不用经过露天，里面有一条走廊直接通到礼堂，免得主席感冒，带着参观。汪东兴讲，赫鲁晓夫同志你得把沙发床换掉，主席不睡沙发床，主席只睡木板床，然后就改成了木板床。然后汪东兴看厕所，说这马桶也不行，要改成蹲坑，赫鲁晓夫说，我们没见过蹲坑。后来我问阎明复，苏联人怎么解决这个问题的?他说苏联人有智慧，弄了一堆砖头、沙子，把马桶周围盖起来了，搭了个台阶，就留了一个窟窿，说主席蹲在这儿就行，照顾得无微不至。而且非常特殊。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　莫斯科会议，所有人的发言都要提前交稿，按照苏联开会的程序，得提前交俄文稿，因为你发完言，当天晚上莫斯科电台就广播，第二天见报，只有毛泽东即兴发言，而且一口湖南话，很难听懂。我是看的一个苏联秘书的回忆录，他说我们最头疼的就是毛主席讲话，他又没稿子，当时信口开河就那么讲，这么边记，记完了翻译，翻译完了还得送电台，第二天就要见报，又怕出错。而且毛开会，人家都在台上，他讲话就坐在后头，说今天我这腿不太好，就不上去了，大家都得回头看他。毛这次访苏确实是跟所有人都不一样。包括对政治文件的准备，苏联也是几次来找中共，毛也是几次说，不着急，这个会推迟开。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　最后毛讲，这个会要先搞好文件，要达到都能通得过，你们去准备吧。苏共就准备文件，准备完了以后，还得专程送到北京来，让毛看，同意不同意，毛把邓小平和胡乔木叫过来，说你们先拿去改改。我看他召见苏联大使的记录讲的也很有意思，说文件起草的还很不错，总的来讲没有大问题，就是太长了，砍掉一半，然后再增加几条，回去改去吧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　你看所有这些，虽然表面上还是苏联，当时提的是以苏联为首的社会主义阵营，但实际上苏联办什么事都是听毛的，毛要是不发话，赫鲁晓夫什么事都办不成。包括他到了莫斯科以后，当时处理跟南斯拉夫的关系，这也是比较复杂的事，1955年苏南和解了，但是波匈事件以后，苏联出兵以后，纳吉躲到南斯拉夫使馆了，这样苏联就不能抓这个人，然后就找铁托，说要让他出来，铁托说，你要保证不能伤害纳吉，要不然我的威信就没了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　后来苏联说我们保证，给他送到第三国，不伤害他。结果纳吉一帮人刚从南斯拉夫使馆出来，苏联就把他塞到坦克车里拉走了。铁托非常气愤，说苏联人说话不算话，跟赫鲁晓夫就掰了，掰了以后，莫斯科会议就不来。赫鲁晓夫非常生气，毛泽东出面来安抚南斯拉夫，当时卡德尔和德热拉斯去的，还有波兰人，因为波匈事件以后，波兰人哥穆尔卡对苏联也很不满，也是毛出面做工作，所以很多事情赫鲁晓夫解决不了，就得靠中国共产党，靠毛泽东出面解决。在整个开会的前前后后，赫鲁晓夫就像个跟班似的，跟着毛泽东到处跑。表面上这个会议是在莫斯科开，苏联是主人，我看背后的导演就是毛泽东。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　有一个现象让大家很不理解，毛泽东在这次会议上坚持一个口号，叫做“以苏联为首的社会主义阵营”，因为在这之前苏联跟中国人商量，说以后不要提这个口号，我们以后不能为首了，中国不同意。后来苏联说，要不然以中国和苏联为首的社会主义阵营，毛泽东也不同意，说不行，就是以苏联为首，赫鲁晓夫说这样不妥，我们现在也没有这个能力。毛泽东说就这样。把这个口号提出来以后，别人也不接受，像哥穆尔卡也不接受，苏联还有什么资格领导，毛就跟他解释，从整个毛的解释来看，其实毛讲的是两层意思，一层意思是，以谁为首谁就要负责，有什么事都要找他。谁有实力谁才能为首，毛泽东讲了，美国人不怕我们，怕苏联，因为苏联有原子弹。给各国援助，要是以我为首，得我援助，还是苏联为首，他有钱。中国是不能为首的，为什么呢?因为中国是个政治大国、人口大国，但是在经济上还不行，意思就是中国实力不行，所以中国不能为首。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　毛后面还有一句话，以苏联为首是以苏联为首，但是中国还有一句话，叫一个好汉三个帮，一个篱笆三个桩，赫鲁晓夫这个红花再好，也得靠我这个绿叶扶持啊。给我产生这样一个感觉，毛泽东是不要以中国共产党为首，但是他要垂帘听政，什么事你先在外面支应着，你负责，但是最后决定权是我的，实际上也是这样，1957年底之前，双方大体上就形成了这样的关系，包括毛和赫鲁晓夫本人，还有中国共产党和苏联共产党。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　这次毛泽东访苏实际上起了两方面的作用，刚才我讲的这些大家可以感觉出来，中苏关系已经发展到一个最高峰了，提前一个月中苏签订国防新技术协定，向中国提供核武器的协定，再加上莫斯科宣言，就算中苏政治上的合作，中苏关系达到了一个顶点，这是一方面。但是另一方面也出现了重大的问题，这个重大的问题表现在几个方面，一是他们的政策开始发生分歧，莫斯科会议的前提大家都认为是一致的，整个国际形势非常好，社会主义阵营蒸蒸日上，那会儿报纸上天天登的就是“我们一天天好起来，敌人一天天烂下去”，苏联是1957年人造卫星上天，那会儿美国还没有，当时社会主义国家非常兴奋，觉得这个形势太好了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　这么好的形势，下一步政策是什么呢?中苏开始发生分歧了，赫鲁晓夫认为，既然我们的实力已经超过了帝国主义，我们更应该坚持和平共处的原则，我们不通过战争就能战胜帝国主义，社会主义制度优越，你看我发展这么快，我们能显示出社会主义制度的优越性，我们靠力量就能够战胜他，并且在谈判桌上我们也有实力。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　所以他要继续坚持和平竞赛的外交方针。但是毛泽东的想法恰恰相反，毛泽东说，既然我们力量这么强大，我们还跟他谈什么，打就完了，说敌人不打是不倒的，扫帚不到灰尘照样不会自己跑掉。必须要打，通过革命的手段，通过武装打败他，既然你的力量这么强大，还谈什么，所以什么“绞索政策”都是在这样的观念下提出来的。大不了就是核战争，核战争有什么了不起，全世界27亿人，死一半还剩一半，中国6亿人，死一半还剩3亿，我怕谁去。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　这个话一讲完，全场鸦雀无声，很多人没听懂，说毛主席怎么了，死3亿人不算什么，下面喝茶的时候都议论纷纷，捷克斯洛伐克总书记拿着咖啡直哆嗦，说中国6亿人，我们才2 000万啊，都不理解。在这个问题上毛的这次发言，我说的是11月18号即席演说，关于核武器这个吓倒了一片人。后来很多东欧国家不再跟着中国走这是一个最主要原因，毛泽东提出的政策他们认为太具冒险性，太具战斗性，而东欧的很多国家不愿意打仗，这个跟苏联是比较一致的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　另一方面，毛泽东明显地干预别国的党内事务，这个是原来中共坚决反对，反对苏联的大国沙文主义，反对苏联的老子党，实际上1957年毛泽东最典型的体现出他是领导人了。举个例子，原来他让苏联人写报告，实际上就是《莫斯科宣言》，《莫斯科宣言》里有这么一段话，讲莫洛托夫反党集团，前前后后怎么回事。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　毛看完以后不高兴，说这个话以后就不要提了，这是你们党内的问题，不要在国际会议上讲这些，特别是不要再批评那些老同志了。后来人家回去就给删了，这段就没了。18号毛泽东讲话，讲着讲着突然来了一段：同志们，下面我谈谈团结的问题。最近苏联共产党发生一件事，出现了一个反党集团……，就开始讲莫洛托夫、马林科夫，他讲的是我们是支持赫鲁晓夫同志的，赫鲁晓夫同志做的是对的，但是我们要懂得团结，你看我们，王明反党，我们照样把他留作中央委员，他说这话背后的潜台词是什么呢?米高扬7月5号到杭州找毛的时候，开始中国的意见是不要把这些人开除出中央委员会，但是米高扬说我们已经开除了，没法变了，后来主席说那就算了吧。所以毛在这个会上又重提，说中国保留了王明的中央委员的职务。这让苏联人非常反感，你不让我们讲，你到会上讲，我们不能讲我们党内的事，你可以讲我们党内的事，成何体统。毛泽东话没讲完，赫鲁晓夫一下站起来了，直视毛泽东，瞪了毛泽东一分钟，全场就这么看的，一扭脸他就在走廊上来回走，也不坐回去了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　这时候卡德尔写了一个纸条给南斯拉夫代表团的另外一个，写的是，中苏两党争夺国际共产主义运动领导权的斗争开始了，卡德尔这个话说得很对，看得很准，因为这个事不是简单的关于团结的问题，也不是反党集团的事情说不说的问题，而是你在一个国际的会议上，来随意的评判另一个党内的事务，而事先你又让这个党不要讲了，什么意思?所以苏联人非常不满，这样也造成了中苏两党，特别是领导人之间一种内在的冲突和矛盾。虽然表面上非常好，毛泽东也非常高兴，后来坐飞机回来，在中共政治局党内开会，毛也是非常满意，除了个别的问题，就是关于和平过渡，搞了个备忘录以外，其他的他觉得都是非常满意的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　但是在这背后就隐藏着中苏之间一种内在的分歧，特别是中苏两党地位发生变化以后，直接威胁到同盟是否能够持续下去，除非苏联认了，原来我老大，你老二，现在你当老大，我当老二，这个同盟还能继续下去。到了1958年以后赫鲁晓夫膨胀了，赫鲁晓夫地位也稳了，连续三年农业丰收，再加上人造卫星、核潜艇，苏联那会儿不得了，赫鲁晓夫还得当老大，这样中苏两党必有一战，从莫斯科会议以后，中苏关系开始走下坡路。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　这就是我讲这两次毛泽东访苏大体上的过程和结果，大概可以做这样一个结论：第一次访苏为了结成中苏同盟，后来也签订了条约；第二次访苏是中苏同盟走向破裂的一个开端、一个起点。我就讲到这里。谢谢大家!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　主持人：刚才沈老师用一个半小时的时间给大家做了一场精彩的报告，他讲到了中苏同盟，以及毛泽东两次访苏，与苏联的关系，实际上毛泽东的访苏以及与苏联的关系是中国现当代史上非常重大的事件，因为毛泽东访苏之后中苏结成了同盟，大家很熟悉的一个就是苏联模式，给中国的现代化建设产生了非常深刻的影响，以至于到今天我们还可以找到当年中苏同盟苏联的一些影子。沈志华老师讲课非常精彩，也很生动，披露了很多毛泽东访苏鲜为人知的一些内幕，以及两个大国背后的一些较量。我们再次用热烈的掌声对沈老师的讲课表示感谢!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　下面用一点时间可以给现场的听众提问。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　提问：很高兴今天听到沈老师的精彩讲演，我有一个问题请教沈老师，毛泽东赴莫斯科的途中保卫十分严密，听说是北京到满洲里边境的铁路线站的都是解放军，国民党也曾经刺杀毛泽东，我想请教沈老师，确实有此事吗?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　沈志华：毛泽东去莫斯科的保卫非常严密在档案文献中是有记载，你说国民党刺杀，我没有看到文件，而且我到台湾去看国民党的档案也没有看到，是不是有，我现在也不能确定。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　提问：沈老师今天说到第二次去苏联，毛主席还有一句在我们青年人中流传很广的一句话，他和苏联留学生见面的时候说，世界终归是你们的。我希望您从更多史料的角度讲一下，这句话他为什么会提出来，为什么会流传很广。像我在20年前读初一的时候，我们中学的老师也用这句话来激励年轻人。第二个问题，刚才主持人也说到，这种苏联模式如果从大学来说，原来那种专业教育的模式有很大缺陷，现在要往通才教育改，我们怎么看这两者的关系，您也是华东师大的老师，非常感谢。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　沈志华：第一个问题，其实我们那个时代也是非常受毛泽东这段话的感召，因为他主要是对年轻人讲的，说“世界是我们的，也是你们的，但归根结底是你们的”，他为什么要这么讲，有什么很重要的原因吗?他见的是当时一批中苏的留学生，期待着他们回国，因为当时新中国建立的时候，共产党自己能够信任的知识分子是没有的，不是国民党留下的就是日本人留下的，这个都不能信任，他只有马上派人出去学习，就是这批人，差不多到1957年学成要回国了，指望着他们将来参与中国的建设，所以毛泽东把希望寄托在年轻人身上是很正常的。至于你说学苏联的教育，这个当然是了，我们从1952年院系调整，然后就开始贯彻苏联的学制体制，一直到现在。但是我觉得现在在很大程度上已经不是苏联那套东西，从我们改革开放以后，教育可能是最失败的，不但没有把原来苏联的那些弊病、措施修正过来，反正增加了很多新的问题，现在在我看来是一塌糊涂。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　提问：沈老师您好，关于毛泽东的第一次访苏，当时美国《时代》杂志曾经有过这么一个细节，说毛泽东的莫斯科之行，随行带了很多礼品，据说有15车之多，里面包括一些从北京故宫博物馆收集来的历史文物，但是我还看到一些资料说，这些礼物中还包括像白菜、大葱这些在现在看来很不可思议的礼物，关于这些礼品您有没有一些有趣的历史细节给我们讲述一下呢?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　沈志华：毛泽东的礼单是有档案文献，我没有发现有故宫的文物，有很多象牙雕刻的东西，刺绣，中国的工艺品，景泰蓝，细节在档案里都有，我觉得都是一般的，至少我在档案当中看到的是这样。你说白菜、萝卜，那个是有，毛文稿里就有，毛泽东命令山东省准备几车白菜、萝卜，他为什么要带白菜、萝卜去，我也挺纳闷，而且从北京一直开车开到莫斯科去，我想很可能跟米高扬访西柏坡的一段细节有关系，因为米高扬访西柏坡的时候要吃鲜鱼，当时没有，他讲苏联冬天特别冷，什么新鲜的蔬菜、鱼肉都没有，我想是不是毛泽东听了这句话，就给他带去了白菜、萝卜。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　但是苏联给中国代表团的礼单也很珍贵，我也看了那个礼单，给毛泽东吉姆牌小轿车一辆，给周恩来一辆，还有金烟斗、金烟盒，都是金的，就连司机、秘书都有份。我看了看，还是苏联的礼物比较值钱。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　提问：当年对于朝鲜战争，斯大林最初是不支持金日成打到南朝鲜的计划，但是后来苏联变成支持金日成，因为当时中国是要求苏联支持解放台湾，而金日成要求苏联支持解放南朝鲜，在这中间斯大林变过来，后来变成支持金日成解放南朝鲜，而不支持中国解放台湾。苏联本来从不支持，到后来支持金日成，这里的因素是为了对付美国，因为美国当时想让中国对付苏联，而斯大林为了打破美国的企图，是不是支持金日成解放南朝鲜来离间中美之间的关系。您能否把这当中的关系再详细说一下。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　沈志华：这个事说起来非常复杂，可能没有时间全面的讲。我把结论说一下。你刚才说的那个材料我先纠正一下，不是斯大林跟金日成提供说美国不会出兵的这个消息，苏联是截获了美国一些情报，而且美国确实有这个预案，一旦在朝鲜半岛发生了战争，美国就撤离朝鲜半岛，守住日本海，这是二战以后美国国防部就做过这个决定。但是后来美国人变了，新的情报苏联人没有得到，所以导致了斯大林和金日成都陷入到一个误区，他们认为发动战争以后美国不会干预，实际上美国干预了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　斯大林为什么要改变，背景很复杂，在一个月之内发生的这种变化，主要是针对中苏同盟条约来的，中苏同盟条约的结果是苏联要失去中长路和旅顺港，这就表明从沙皇俄国人开始，俄国人一直努力在亚洲和太平洋有一个出海口和不冻港，这样一个战略目标就没了，怎么办?他想用朝鲜半岛的港口来替代旅顺港，来解决它在太平洋的不冻港和出海口的问题。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　所以这场战争不管胜败，斯大林都能达到这个目的，因为他在跟毛泽东签订关于长春铁路和旅顺港条约的时候，其中有这么一条，一旦远东发生战争，或者有战争危机的情况下，苏联还是可以使用旅顺港，后来真的是这样，1952年朝鲜战争进入僵局，苏联应该从旅顺港撤军了，周恩来到莫斯科去，说你们不能撤，你们一撤我们就没有力量来防守。斯大林当时就说，不是我不撤，是中国人不让我撤，就再签个协定。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　这个协定签了就惨了，苏联继续租用旅顺港，没有时间限制，实际上斯大林还是达到了自己的目的。后来是因为赫鲁晓夫要跟毛泽东拉关系，是苏联主动交回了旅顺港。所以我判断主要目标是这样，为了出海口和不冻港发动这场战争，而他的判断是这个战争没有大的风险，他得到情报是美国人不会干预，他把答应给中国所有的军舰和飞机给了金日成，这就是4、5、6三个月周恩来屡次跟苏联打报告，而且周恩来已经说了这个话，我们6月份占领舟山，8月份占领金门，来年春天打台湾，所以你必须把答应我们的飞机、军舰提前两个月送达，结果苏联一件都没有给，为什么?都给了金日成，我想这也是斯大林报复毛泽东的一个手段。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　所有这些事其实毛泽东心里是非常清楚的，他知道他在《中苏友好同盟条约》问题上得罪了斯大林，其实他离开莫斯科的时候，我想他跟斯大林心里都清楚，《中苏友好同盟互助条约》是一张纸，如果双方没有战略性调整，这真的就是一张废纸。朝鲜战争爆发以后，大家都分析了很多原因，我觉得都站不住脚，比如毛泽东派兵打朝鲜是为了国家安全。不对，为了国家安全有一个前提：出战必胜，这样才能保证中国的安全。但是恰恰那会儿所有人不愿意出兵的原因就是因为它没有胜利的把握，出战不一定能胜利，如果你打败了，反而引狼入室，本来人家美国没想打你，你出去打人一下，被人打回来了，人家跟着就追到沈阳了，怎么办?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　所以中国出兵，毛泽东不是为了国家安全，如果他是为了国家安全，他就不动了，不动是最安全的了，所以他不是为了国家安全，你说是为了帮助朝鲜，当然结果肯定是为了帮助朝鲜，但动机不一定就为了朝鲜，为了朝鲜，至于这样吗?其实就是为了苏联，为了苏联潜在的背后还是为了自己，因为当时能够帮助中共，能够稳定这个政权，能够在发生战争的情况下同时搞经济建设只有苏联，所以毛那会儿就是为了要挽回跟苏联的关系，他当然知道现在出兵对中国非常不利，中国没有这么准备，武器又不如人，这些材料都非常详细。但是他不这样做就彻底失去了斯大林的信任，中苏同盟条约就形同一张废纸，没有人再来帮你，所以他只能出兵。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　出兵的结果，我认为毛泽东的目的也达到了，几个重大的问题，第一，苏联的空军，当时金日成、斯大林，我看了很多苏联国防部的档案，当时军队的调度，飞机什么时候开到哪，准备多少炮弹非常详细，已经做好了充分的准备，但是他就是跟周恩来说，我还没有做好准备。为什么?他不信任你，他不知道你是真的出兵还是假出兵，中苏在黑海谈判的时候，双方都是在猜对方，斯大林说，空军准备技术性非常难，说你们陆军先去，两个月以后我们空军上。周恩来说，这哪行，我们出去了，两个月以后你们不来怎么办。说这样吧，我们加强准备，我们等你们两个月，咱们一块儿去。斯大林想，这不是玩儿我们吗，我们一块儿去，你出去了可以回来，我们出去了怎么办?双方最后达成协议，放弃北朝鲜。毛想了一夜才想通了这个扣，所以他不管苏联出不出空军我们也出兵，结果中国出兵，10月 25号打了以后，三天后斯大林下令，苏联空军立刻出动，而且越过鸭绿江，你说毛的目的是不是达到了。而且后来在朝鲜战争当中的重大问题，比如志愿军谁指挥的问题，铁路谁管理的问题，越过三八线以后是否南下的问题，都是中朝之间发生了严重的矛盾和分歧，斯大林支持了毛泽东的意见。同时，在这个过程当中又派专家给中国经济援助。毛泽东出兵朝鲜就是一个赌，他赌着了，斯大林答应了他所有要求。这就是我对毛泽东访苏，中苏同盟，到朝鲜战争整个关系的理解。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　主持人：沈老师的解答也很精彩。刚才提问的这位老先生是原来新华社副总编辑。看来大家对朝鲜战争的兴趣还是比较大，以后我们有机会再请沈老师专场给我们做这方面的讲座。由于时间关系，下面请最后一位提问。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　提问：因为我知道，毛主席第一次访苏的时候进入东北，高岗给斯大林带去了很多礼物，毛主席一进入东北境内，看到很多关于高岗的语录和高岗的照片，毛泽东很反感，结果就把高岗给斯大林送的礼品全给卸下去了，我想了解一下这个细节。第二，我想知道毛泽东在第二次访苏的时候，和苏联领导人讨论原子弹的问题，我记得赫鲁晓夫和毛泽东两个人吵起来了，赫鲁晓夫说毛泽东就会拿人多讲事，为什么东欧其他社会主义国家听到这个很害怕呢，人家才两、三千万人口，所以有些专家讲，毛泽东和斯大林两个都是民族主义者。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　沈志华：毛讲的这段话，我们不能从死多少人他不在乎这个角度去看，因为当时这个讲演并没有公布。当时双方都给压下来，一直到1963年的时候苏联才把这个讲话在报纸上登出来了，当时赫鲁晓夫指责毛泽东是个战争狂人，后来中国也把这个文件在外交部文选上登出来了。我看过原来俄文的记录和中文的记录，其实意思差不多，没有太大的区别，我也问过李越然，因为当时这段话是李越然翻译的，我就问李越然是不是翻译错了，为什么导致人家这么理解，说死多少人没有关系。他说没有，我就是按照毛泽东说一句我翻一句，其实我们看毛泽东的话多了以后就能知道，他不是讲中国人死多少人没关系，他讲的意思是，革命就要有牺牲，就要有死亡，要斗争就要死人，核战争就是人死的多一点罢了，但是不死人，不斗争怎么能打败帝国主义，他是这样一个观点。我们理解这个人首先要确定他不是说死不死人没关系，否则他作为一个国家的领导人，说你们国家死一半人都没事，这恐怕也很难符合他作为一个领导者的内心。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　但是，这种观点现在看起来是站不住脚的，就是要通过战争来达到自己的目的，特别是达到他设想的革命的目标，在 60年代的时候大家都能接受，但是过了这么多年，我们现在可以理解赫鲁晓夫的想法是比较现实的，为什么赫鲁晓夫讲没有核武器、没有战争的世界，就是因为长崎和广岛那两颗原子弹的后果是在十年以后人们才知道，日本死了很多人，出现很多怪病，人们才发现原来是十年前那颗原子弹爆炸造成的结果，还有日本海死了很多鱼。那时候我看了一个文件，苏联科学家专门给赫鲁晓夫和苏共中央写了一封信，说以后不能发生核战争，核战争就是毁灭人类，他们陆续才有这样的想法，而当时中国领导人不懂这个，在毛泽东的脑子里，核武器就是爆炸量大一点而已，挖个山洞就可以躲过去。现在我看没有人再干这种傻事，说打原子弹没事，这有一个时代的问题。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　主持人：今天的大讲堂到此结束，感谢各位热心的听众，也再次感谢沈老师的精彩演讲。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;来源：《文史大讲堂》系列讲座三&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;□　一读者推荐&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;日期 11-02-28 09:12&lt;br /&gt;专题: 华夏快递&lt;br /&gt;文章的URL: http://my.cnd.org/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=28317&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-2951709015013904188?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/2951709015013904188/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=2951709015013904188&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/2951709015013904188'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/2951709015013904188'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2011/03/blog-post.html' title='毛泽东访苏轶闻'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-1705554103633120451</id><published>2010-06-15T19:29:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2010-06-15T19:30:09.853-05:00</updated><title type='text'>移民潮?</title><content type='html'>冉云飞 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;大批贪官外逃，带走数额巨大的资产，这早已是人所共知的事。官员的子女不少在国外留学，甚至移民国外，也不是什么新闻。很多裸官也在子女及家人出国后，采取一切方式，为自己的逃离做后续准备。大家都知道中国是官员的天堂，但为什么官员们也有不少人逃离呢？那是因为这个制度是自噬兼咬人的。这个自噬兼咬人的制度，其脾气没有人摸得透，你哪一天倒霉，那是不可知的。即便你有靠山，你的靠山也不是永远可靠，说不定哪一天你的靠山，你的霉运接着就来了。在我们目前中国这个制度下，没有任何人敢说包打天下的大话：我永远安全，且不会被整肃。官员普遍的贪污已是不争的事实，没有人敢说自己清白无辜的话，只要官方要搞你的时候，随时可以双规你。双规作为对官员的整肃或者作为你的政敌打击你的武器，凡是被双规的人，恐怕都会有切肤之痛。这也是官员们在捞够后，想方设法把自己的家人弄出国，把自己的资产转移出去的颉?br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;与官员的转移资产和出逃相比，商人和精英之逃离中国，也不遑多让。这几年高考人数持续，固有适龄人口减少之因，但更多的是许多年轻人高中即选择出国留学，因而放弃参加高考。据有关方面调查，三十年来，留学海外的106万人，回来的只有27．5万人，这一数据极大地揭示了中国经济虽有发展，但其吸引力依然不够的现实。其吸引力不够主要原因，就是因为专制制度和专制政府，对于人权的践踏，对于民主自由的蔑视。没有人权，没有自由与民主，人们的生活质量大打折扣。我曾说过，没有自由与民主，你纵有上千万的资产，也随时可能被手握重权的人剥夺，甚至被基层的官员勾结起来整治。也就是说，你即便开着宝马、奔驰，也只不过是富裕的奴隶，是个奴隶富豪而已。这就像戴着漂亮马鞍具的骏马一样，再多的装饰，看上去冠冕堂皇，其实只不过是个被奴役的工具而已。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;高考人数减少，很多人留学，其实伴随着资本和人才的流失，伴随着大批的技术、商业及其他精英的流失。他们尽管活着并不坏，但他们对中国的未来充满担忧。因为不进行制度改革，中国畸形的经济发展，已造成极大的贫富不均。此种贫富不均如不根治，其所造成的社会动荡的后果，主要的承担者肯定不是官员，因为他们许多人的资产外流，家人已成外国人，自己只是个裸官而已，且随时可以离开。因此凡有资本的精英人士，又不想跟官方耗下去，且害怕仇富的心理伤害到自己的，当然就只有选择离开。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;当然这离开的人最坏的一种就是，他去了民主自由的国家，还回国来赚钱，尽量说专制制度的好坏，这种人现在也不少。一些在国外留的年轻人，之所赞美专制，那是因为他的留学费用，可能就其父母贪污的公款，或者是与政府勾结的商人之不利之财。他们越是赞美专制制度，他越才能赚够更多的钱，以便将来留在自由世界。专制制度的赞美者和外国移民的双重身份，在在表明其蚂蟥两头吸的贪婪本性。自己又安全又能赚专制者的钱，何乐而不为呢？既把中国的贫富差距近一步拉大，又使中国无法进行民主自由改革，即令社会动荡，也不用他们支付成本，因为他们是外国人，可以中国动荡的时候马上回到自己所移民的自由国家。这样的人在如今移民外国的人中比例在逐步上升。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;移民潮说明了什么？说明了许多人正以各种方式逃离中国。为什么呢？这里面的安全因素是第一位的。中国经济现在虽然还在发展，但其畸形状态，有目共睹。一个制度让人看不到未来和希望，让人没有安全感，还怎么可能真正吸引人呢？你看央视的采访和中央党校辛鸣教授的回答，都可谓牛头不对马嘴，完全掩盖移民背后的实质问题，这就是一个国家没有安全感，是多么可怕的事。&lt;br /&gt;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;日期 10-06-15 &lt;br /&gt;专题: 华夏快递&lt;br /&gt;文章的URL: http://my.cnd.org/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=26076&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-1705554103633120451?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/1705554103633120451/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=1705554103633120451&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/1705554103633120451'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/1705554103633120451'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2010/06/blog-post.html' title='移民潮?'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-7292946884947943802</id><published>2010-05-21T13:38:00.002-05:00</published><updated>2010-05-21T13:44:58.489-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='IBM'/><title type='text'>IBM Will Cut 75% of Workforce by 2017?</title><content type='html'>BLOGS // The Risk Factor&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;IBM Denies That It Will Cut 75% of Workforce by 2017 &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;BY: Robert Charette&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10 May 2010.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is an interesting little flap brewing in the IT community. Back in March, IBM announced that it would no longer be breaking out information on the number of its US employees, according to this ComputerWorld report. IBM finished 2009 with &lt;strong&gt;399,409 &lt;/strong&gt;employees, with US employees numbering some &lt;strong&gt;105,000 &lt;/strong&gt;the same ComputerWorld article noted.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Speculation was that IBM made the move to avoid scrutiny by Congress and others about how many of its US jobs were being shifted overseas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Then in April, a story appeared in &lt;strong&gt;Personnel Today &lt;/strong&gt;that quoted &lt;strong&gt;Tim Ringo&lt;/strong&gt;, head of &lt;strong&gt;IBM Human Capital Management&lt;/strong&gt;, as saying that IBM could - notice the word could - reduce its workforce to 100,000 by 2017 by firing 300,000 of its workers and then rehiring them as independent contractors using a &lt;strong&gt;crowdsourcing &lt;/strong&gt;strategy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Under this approach, IBM would hire only to staff specific projects as necessary.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"There would be no buildings costs, no pensions and no healthcare costs, making huge savings," Mr. Ringo was quoted as saying.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the article, Mr. Ringo "stressed the firm was only considering the move, and was not about to cut 299,000 jobs, as staff would be re-hired as contractors."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Well, the article flew under the radar for a few days, but soon rumors spread that IBM was soon going to lay off 75% of its workforce and hire them back as contractors.  The Personnel Today article's title, "&lt;strong&gt;IBM crowd sourcing could see employed workforce shrink by three quarters&lt;/strong&gt;" probably helped fan the rumor flames a bit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On Wednesday, according to InformationWeek, IBM denied that it was going to make any mass layoffs, saying that Mr. Ringo "is not part of our HR [human resources] function and has no decision making responsibility within HR."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;InformationWeek also said that, "Ringo provides human resources consulting to IBM's customers. "&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IBM denials aside, one wonders whether this was a trial balloon by IBM to gauge the reaction - especially of US politicians - to such an idea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Update and Correction at IBM's request:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In my original blog post, I stated that one could reasonably assume that IBM had likely considered crowdsourcing internally, and that IBM was actively suggesting the idea to its clients as part of its consulting practice.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mr. Doug Shelton, Director, IBM Corporate Media Relations, sent an email today - Monday, the 10th of May - taking issues with these statements, stating that they were  "misleading and inaccurate." Mr. Shelton said that, "Categorically IBM is not considering a 'crowd sourcing' plan." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;With that clarification unequivocally on the record, I apologize to IBM for reaching these inaccurate conclusions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Still, I wonder how soon it will be before the US Congress holds a hearing on IT employee "crowdsourcing" and calls high technology companies - including IBM - as witnesses to see how seriously they are considering implementing the idea. IBM says it isn't - but have or are others considering it for more than start-up ventures?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The idea is no doubt attractive to some high tech (and other) companies and its time may be at hand.  Who would have thought five years ago that the airlines would start charging for carry-on luggage either?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And as for other witnesses, I would suggest it be the US Department of Education Secretary Arne Duncan. Congress might ask Secretary Duncan to explain exactly how such a move by high-tech companies to fire and then rehire their employees as contractors would encourage more US students to take up computer science and engineering as a profession. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Maybe Risk Factors readers can suggest others that Congress might want to call to testify at such a hearing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I will be writing more about this issue in the very near future.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-7292946884947943802?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/7292946884947943802/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=7292946884947943802&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/7292946884947943802'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/7292946884947943802'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2010/05/ibm-will-cut-75-of-workforce-by-2017.html' title='IBM Will Cut 75% of Workforce by 2017?'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-794709315280007991</id><published>2010-01-26T18:53:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2010-01-26T18:54:38.191-06:00</updated><title type='text'>英家俊杰</title><content type='html'>揭开英氏家族的成功奥秘:脚踏实地的假洋鬼子&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;本文网址：http://news.backchina.com/2010/1/25/gb2312_74242.html&lt;br /&gt;　　 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　 &lt;br /&gt;南方人物周刊第2010.004期封面&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　 &lt;br /&gt;英敛之&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　本刊编辑部&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达，赫赫有名的英氏家族第四代传人，向我们透露了这个神奇家族的成功奥秘：“我们家一代一代都在做的事情就是3个字——学外语。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　自他曾祖父英敛之开始，英家人就“吃起了洋饭”。英敛之是清朝末年与马相伯齐名的中国天主教代表人物，在教会的支持下，他创办了《大公报》和辅仁大学。他与容闳等早期教会信徒，是第一批通过教会的渠道睁眼看世界的中国人。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达的爷爷英千里12岁就赴欧求学，精通英文、法文、西班牙文和拉丁文，1948年后到台湾，编写了从初中到大学的系列英文教材，余光中、马英九都是他的学生。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达的父亲“英大学问”英若诚从小在教会学校念书，英文讲得不逊母语。曾经与他合作的美国戏剧家阿瑟·米勒赞叹，“有他在边上为我翻译，我都忘了我不懂中文。他的翻译出口迅速，毫不迟疑。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英氏家族历经晚清、民国、国共之争、新中国成立、反右、文革、改革开放等胶结着政治矛盾和思想交锋的历史时期。与一般知识分子家庭不同的是，这个家族因为“吃洋饭”，总是身处中西交锋、中西矛盾、中西交流的第一线，如果我们考察近百年来中国与西方世界的关联互动，他们的家族故事是一个绝佳的样本。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　在西方凭借着坚船利炮敲开中国大门之前，中国一直以天朝自居，其他国家统统属于“化外”之“蛮夷”，理当匍匐在中国脚下。乾隆年间，英王乔治三世派来使团，希望能在北京派驻使节，乾隆皇帝的回应之傲慢，既因为当时中国的确是世界上数得着的大帝国，也因为视野局限，不知天外有天，因而暴露出无知，“其实天朝德威远被……种种贵重之物，梯航毕集，无所不有……并无更需尔国制办物件。是尔国王所请留京一事，于天朝礼制既属不合，而于尔国亦殊觉无益。”我这儿啥都不缺，你们该干嘛干嘛去吧！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　乾隆居高临下地对着它发话的那个英国，当时正开足马力，成为世界最强大的国家。与此同时，西方对于中国的态度，很快就会从膜拜变为蔑视，“中国缺乏欧洲人开拓海洋的巨大勇气，而在自己广袤的土地上自我陶醉于农业社会的节律……他们与海并没有积极的关系。”这是哲学家黑格尔的论断。&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;　　令人钦佩的是，英敛之在创办辅仁大学之初，就意识到既要“介绍西欧新得科学文化之精”，也不可舍弃“中国旧有文学美术之最善者”。他在宣言中开宗明义地说，辅仁的创办，“绝非用殖民政策，造成附属之品，乃为吸收中国有志爱国之士，本此志愿，同工合作”，鲜明地显示了他的独立意识。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　很多年后，英家第三代中的著名人物英若诚说，“我经常遇见双方的无知，我们对外国的无知和外国对我们的无知。”这种无知一直存在，令有识之士焦灼。“我看了好些书，对咱们中国有用的书……我觉得它是外国文化的精华，但是光我一个人知道有什么用？我得让中国人都知道，我得把它翻译出来。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　他翻译的《推销员之死》、《哗变》、《请君入瓮》、《芭巴拉少校》、《上帝的宠儿》，对于中国戏剧的进步，起到了重要作用。但是如果我们仅仅以为他的用意是在文学艺术这个小范畴里，那真是低估了他。垂暮之年，他对美国杜克大学教授康开丽说，“现在国际关系舞台上最重要的事实是：占世界五分之一人口的中国已不再闭关自守。中国的门已经打开，这是自最高领导层到街上的普通老百姓一致的共识。历史不会再开倒车了。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　从大众最熟悉的英达身上，我们可以看到，这个家族血液中的智性光华，有如神助地从英敛之一直延续到第四代第五代孩子们身上。英达不无自负地说，智力方面，“整体超过我的，到现在还真是一个都没遇到。”他希望他的儿子、11岁的英如镝能够成为冰球领域超越姚明的世界巨星。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英氏家族 中国面向世界的微观样本&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　本刊记者 徐梅 实习记者 易洁 发自北京&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“看来英家人还是得吃‘洋饭’啊！”瞅着英达、英壮、英宁几个子侄辈儿把情景喜剧这只美国汉堡端进中国千家万户，撒上点葱花，放一撮盐，盛出《我爱我家》、《候车大厅》、《东北一家人》这些热腾腾的中式家常菜，英若诚发出过这样的感慨。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　从英若诚的祖父英敛之开始，老英家人就开始吃“洋饭”了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英敛之&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　创办《大公报》和辅仁大学&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英敛之22岁开始便笃信天主教。32岁那年他写了一篇《论兴利先除弊》，议论国是，声援维新，公开称赞康有为的革新主张“实今日之顶门针、对症药，痛快切当，言人之不敢言”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英宁对这位先人很崇敬，“康梁呼吁变法图存令人景仰，但他们毕竟是汉人，我曾祖父是满族正红旗人，我曾祖母还是皇族，照现在的说法，人家可是体制内的，有这个觉悟多不容易啊！”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英家的满族老姓儿是“赫舍里”，英敛之本名赫舍里·英华，字敛之。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　他与梁启超、严复等维新派人士往来密切，1898年前后，参与成立了一个名为“爱国会”的维新组织，袁世凯作为新军首领也参加了这个组织。袁世凯倒戈叛变，英敛之痛恨不已，1902年他在天津创办《大公报》，与直隶总督兼北洋大臣袁世凯对垒10年，这是后话。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　戊戌变法失败后，英敛之亦在清廷的缉拿名单上，他带着妻儿先后避难于香港、越南，其后辗转落足天津。保皇立宪的政治主张受挫，他意志更坚，一意西学，希望借助“欧西学术”的引进，“启我同胞聪明”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　他把12岁的独生子英千里交给天主教传教士雷鸣远带到英国去学习强国之术，这个举动至今令英若诚的五弟英若识啧啧称奇，“我祖父这个人意识太超前了，一百多年前能有这样的眼光、气魄，他可就这么一个儿子。”英千里走后不久，第一次世界大战就爆发了，8年后，他才第一次回国。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　因为主张“全盘西化”，英敛之也闹了不少笑话，被周围的人讥笑为“怪人”。例如他提倡穿西装，不听家人劝告，找了个日本裁缝做了套西服，勇敢地穿上，从天津四面钟到劝业场逛了一大圈，为的是叫“长袍马褂们”好好看看。结果回到家累得不行，脱下西装一看，原来自己连衣服架子一块儿穿身上了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　他不知从哪儿听说，西方绅士星期天必须骑马，特地买来几匹马，每到礼拜天就领着妻儿，到街上跑一圈，这个别出心裁的节目苦了他娇弱的妻子。英宁家里收集了许多家族老照片，其中就有一幅英敛之一家三口的马上英姿。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　他自己穿西服不算，还想在全家推广，苦于弄不清西方女性服装的式样，托人到哈尔滨买了一套，让太太穿上拍照，放大之后挂在客厅里。那张照片英若诚小时候看过，印象里好像是一件俄国人的睡衣，他在回忆录里很是同情自己的小脚祖母爱新觉罗·淑仲，这位满清皇族跟着他祖父这个超级革新家没少受改造。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1924年，英千里自欧洲回国成亲。婚后头6年，他仍然生活在欧洲，偶尔回国探望。英敛之意识到儿子虽精通西学，在全英注册考试中名列第一，拿下了英国伦敦经济学院的学位，却连中国字都写不好，中国话都说不利落，更不能指望他干预时政，推进社会变革。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　自1902年创办《大公报》到1916年9月意冷心灰将报纸盘售给大股东之一王郅隆，英敛之对西方世界的一心向往和全意推崇早已被现实打破，儿子的教育“失败”，是他“全盘西化”改革的又一大挫折。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　《大公报》初创时，大股东是天津紫竹林天主教堂的教友柴天宠和天津本地建筑商王郅隆，严复也入了小股。法国驻华公使鲍渥听说之后，也积极入股。英敛之以为，“余思有法钦使，规模固可扩大，消息亦觉灵通”，他个人是同意法国公使入股的，但他在上海延请主笔时，《中外日报》负责人汪康年再三告诫他“万不可入洋股”，“谓其定受压制”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　果然被汪言中。《大公报》的教会背景虽然在创办之初为英敛之赢得了较为宽松的舆论环境，为报社赢得了“敢言”的美誉，但其间教会和法方不满报人们“御侮图强”的爱国之情，时常召唤总经理兼主笔英敛之面见，对“报上不合诸端”之事进行干预，股东们也都提心吊胆，“不安于位”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英敛之曾多次萌生去意，他在日记里这样写道：“甚不快，百感纷集，颇思他去。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　他的信仰世界也在松动变化，自青年时期便对教会无比忠诚的他反思教会在中国土地上的作为，开始斥责一些外国教士的愚民之术。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　推行教育、变革精神本是天主教和新教在华传播的宗旨所系，重视向中国上层官员和知识分子传教更是由利马窦开创的一大传统。然而自晚清开始，把持中国天主教会的法国天主教修会渐渐偏离了这个传统。天主教会与枪炮强权深度勾连，法国遣使会主教孟振生甚至说，“在中国，宗教事务上无须用大炮，也不用流血，只要法国命令自己的代理人用法国名义以坚决强硬的词句说话，什么事都可能解决。”此外，教士们奉行向中国社会底层传教的新政，主张“天主教会所应有的首先不是学者，而是宗教信徒”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　反倒是新教后来居上，十分重视高等教育对教会发展的推动作用。1890年新教传教士第二次在华全国大会上，教士狄考文力主把高等教育作为今后教会发展教育的重点，“一个受过教育的人是一支点燃的蜡烛，未受过教育的人将跟着他的光走，比起绝大多数异教徒国家，中国的情况更是如此”，他提出，“用基督教和科学教育培养在中国任何一个阶层都有影响的人，使他们能够胜过中国的旧式士大夫”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　当中国政府开始创办高等教育时，天主教传教士并不支持。1898年，清政府创办京师大学堂，先委托天主教会莫里主教主持，“竟辞不受”，后来只得延请新教教士丁韪良任总教习。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　天主教会威逼利诱的做法使其在华信徒人数一度远超新教教徒，但教徒信仰根基不坚，社会影响力欠缺，信徒中流传着一句歌谣，“为什么要信教，为了两块‘北洋造’(“北洋造”是当时北洋政府发行的一种银元)！”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1917年英敛之撰写了《劝学罪言》，上书罗马教廷，力主在中国开办天主教高等教育学校，信徒培养“以文学为第一要务”，“延聘素负盛誉高明特达之教习，严定课程”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1925年，罗马教廷亲自委派美国本笃会来华办学，英敛之与美方负责人奥图尔发表联合宣言，“绝非用殖民政策，造成附属之品，乃为吸收中国有志爱国之士，本此志愿，同工合作”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英敛之深刻意识到“介绍西欧新得科学文化之精”的同时，不能舍弃“中国旧有文学美术之最善者”，因此这所大学的办学宗旨必须是“舍短取长，不使偏胜”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　这所大学就是亚洲惟一一所由罗马教廷直接设立的天主教名校辅仁大学，校名是英敛之取的。他的同道好友，晚年捐资办上海震旦大学的马相伯曾主张以“本笃”为名，英敛之坚持取“辅仁”，典出《论语》的“会友辅仁”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英敛之还创办了北京第一所女子中学——静宜中学，英若诚的母亲蔡葆真女士刚过门就当了这所学校的校长，时年19岁。北京培根小学也是由英敛之创办的，他的妹妹英木狄任校长，英若诚和英若识都在这所小学念过书。 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　 &lt;br /&gt;1961年，英千里与韩拱辰在台湾&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英千里&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　与官场格格不入&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　对于英家人来说，英敛之的故事太过遥远，类似传说，英千里才是真正改变了家族命运的人。他和妻子蔡葆真(晚清山东巡抚、民国教育总长蔡儒楷之女)一共生了9个子女，长女七香、次子若敬患病早逝，其余几个孩子依次为若勤、若诚、若聪、若采(女)、若识、若智、若娴(女)。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英千里回国后先是在辅仁做教授，后又接受北京大学和北京师范大学的邀请，为两校学生教授英国文学。那年头，教授收入丰厚，同时打三份工的英千里最多时一个月能拿到1000块大洋。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英若识到现在还记得有一次父亲领了薪水，“把大洋往桌子上一堆，让我们小孩儿趴在桌子上抓着玩儿。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英千里在京郊买了别墅，每年夏天，一家人就坐着马车从城里到温泉别墅度假。后来，他又买了一辆福特牌轿车。英壮遥想当年，甚是感慨，“我爷爷当年那可是真正的大款啊！”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　同父亲英敛之一样，英千里也是一位虔诚的天主教徒，他的孩子们全都受了洗礼，都有教名，英若诚从小就担当教堂祭坛独唱，祷告和赞美诗也是他们家庭生活的一部分。蔡葆真从未离开过中国，她父亲为了让她配得上那位留洋的准女婿，从小就把她送进教会学校，她同样是一名天主教徒，精通英文和法文。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　这样的夫妻在同时期的中国并不多见，在英若识的记忆中，“我们家的民主空气一直很浓”。蔡葆真奉行“树大自直”的教育理念，给予子女最大的自由空间。父亲即便给他们立规矩，也“总是很绅士”。印象中父亲只打过一次孩子。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“我大哥若勤10岁的时候，说话冒犯了母亲，父亲让他靠在桌子上，用一根手杖打他的屁股。这个过程他弄得像一个仪式一样，我估计那可能是英国式的打屁股。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英若识对父亲印象最深的是晚上的“床边故事会”，“我父亲有3间书房，里面堆满了各种书籍，我们从小就在里面胡乱看书。晚上他情绪一高，就把我们叫去，他躺在床上，我们站在床边上。他给我们讲希腊神话，《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》基本上都讲完了。每天都讲一段，讲得特别生动，我们特别感兴趣，爱听，太好玩了。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　抗日战争爆发后，英家失去了这份喜乐平静。英千里和辅仁大学的一些爱国人士秘密成立了地下抗日组织“炎武学社”，由辅仁大学文学院院长沈兼士任主席，英千里任书记长，直接接受国民政府的指示，在学生中宣传抗日思想，鼓励学生投身抗战。1942年日伪特务机关把他抓进监狱关了3个月，用尽刑罚，一无所获，只好将他放了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1944年2月，他再次被捕，国民政府起初以为他已英勇就义，还在重庆为他举行了追悼会。英宁为此特别钦佩他，“一个家族出名人不难，出英雄不易呀，老虎凳、辣椒水，那可是动真格的！老爷子一介寒儒，能视死如归，不屈不挠，了不起。别人我不知道，反正我是做不到我爷爷那样。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　一年后，日本投降前夕，英千里在社会各界的营救下出狱。英若诚当时从天津圣路易中学毕业，已经获得免试进入剑桥大学的资格。英千里与儿子长谈了一次，“当初你爷爷把我送出去，是希望我从小就学习西方文化，从根本上了解西方世界的科技和文明，将来好为自己的国家做事，可他万万没有想到，这造成我一生无法弥补的欠缺。我12岁出国，24岁回来，完全不了解中国社会，很多应该做又很想做的事情都做不了。”他劝儿子以自己为鉴，放弃剑桥，改在国内上大学，“千万不要从一个外国学校出来，再进到另一个外国学校里去。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英千里知西不知中，英若识讲了一件趣事，“他12岁出国，像个外国人，中文不如英文好。他当教育局局长的时候，很多人找他题字，其实都是我母亲代他写的。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　抗战胜利后，英千里作为抗日英雄受到国民政府的重用，做过北京市教育局局长和南京政府教育部的司长，但他的个性与官场格格不入，这个官当得很痛苦。英若识回忆说，“他很清高，官场那些乱七八糟的事情他都不懂，属于一点不会来事的那种人。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英若识记得有人给他父亲送过一块银盾，银盾上刻了“步步高升”4个字，“我父亲当时就把这个人骂回去了，这是我亲眼看见的。他一直保持着知识分子的人格，对官场很不适应。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英千里后来告诫他的子女，“长大之后，一不可为官，二不可从艺。”英若诚清华毕业后跑到北京人艺当了演员，后来又官至共和国文化部副部长，这些都是老爷子料不到、也管不了的事情了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1948年12月，北京已被解放军围城，英千里作为国民党政府“大陆人才抢救计划”中的重要人物和胡适等人从北京东单机场匆匆飞往南京。之前，英若诚曾专门从清华大学跑回城里，劝说父亲留下来，不要跟着国民党去台湾。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“我的宗教信仰怎么办？”这是英千里最大的担忧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英千里到台湾后与政界再无瓜葛，专心教书。先是主持台湾大学外文系，1955年后又全力投入到辅仁大学的复校上。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英家几个孩子中惟有大哥英若勤在那之后见过父亲，“我大哥那时候在上海工作，他跟着他们单位中国石油公司去了台湾，在那里跟我父亲见了面，还帮我父亲买了家具。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英若勤看到国共两党似有划江而治之势，就离开台湾回到上海，回来之后跟家里人讲了英千里在那边的情况。英若识记得父亲寄过一笔路费给家里，还写了封信，“催我母亲带我们去台湾，他特别惦记我的小妹妹若娴，我父亲走的时候她才4岁。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英千里走后，蔡葆真带着7个孩子艰难谋生，她卖了一些古董维持生计，凡是在读的孩子，一个都不让他们中断学业。生计艰难，免不了借债度日，她把丈夫寄来的路费都拿去还了债。1950年前后，她写了封信让丈夫再寄一笔钱，这封信下落不明，家人从此与英千里失去了联络。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英千里在台湾收养了邻居家的女儿韩拱辰为义女，1980年她在英若诚访美时设法与他取得联系，交给英若诚许多珍贵的资料和照片。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英千里在台湾恪守着天主教徒的生活准则，一生没有另娶。罗马教廷给他授予了爵位，这个殊荣他的父亲英敛之去世后也曾得到过。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　海峡的这边，他的孩子们与他划清界限，放弃了原有的宗教信仰，积极向党组织靠拢。却因为家庭出身太差，海外关系复杂，多数被组织拒之门外。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英千里辞世后，蒋介石为他亲笔题写了一块匾额，上书“教绩孔张”4个大字，时任行政院院长蒋经国亲自主持了他的追思会。出殡那天，为他抬棺的全是立法委员。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1993年，英若诚在马英九帮助下终于成行去台湾访问。马英九和余光中都听过英千里的英美文学课，马英九自美国留学返台后，担任过蒋经国的专职英文翻译；余光中曾说，在英美文学的学习上，他从英千里那里受惠最多。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英若诚为父亲扫墓在当时是岛内各大媒体争相报道的大新闻。英若诚在自己的回忆录里说，在父亲的墓碑上他看到了父亲的照片，“样子比我记忆中要衰老”。这是他与父亲的最后“团聚”，此后他的身体状况恶化，再没有踏上台湾的土地。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英千里走后&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　有个潜逃到台湾的国民党要员老爸，对于英家兄弟姊妹来说，实在是个摘不掉的黑帽子。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“那个时候我们都要跟他划清界限，不是嘴上说说，是发自内心的。”大一点的孩子如英若诚、英若聪都积极向党组织靠拢，小一点的也都积极要求入团、入队。1949年10月英若识入团了，他回忆说这个政治上的进步对他的鼓舞极大，他从一个成绩很差的私立学校后进生，一跃成为重点中学北京师大附中的好学生，参加了开国大典的学生游行方阵。他很认真地纠正儿子英宁的戏谑，“不是旗杆后面那个，是旗杆西边。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“那个年代这些东西真的能够对人产生推动作用。”政治生命如此重要，能够激励一个人，自然也能打败一个人。他的哥哥，英壮的父亲英若聪就是被击倒的那一个。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英若聪在清华大学建筑系任教，他是新中国成立后的第一批研究生，当时是梁思成的助教，教师团支部的书记，党组织重要的发展对象，“属于又红又专的那种”。没想到1957年“反右”开始不久，他就被错划成“右派”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英若识清楚地记得四哥当时的痛苦，“这个事情让他变得很消沉，我母亲劝他，眼光放远一点儿。他对我母亲说，我的生活已经看不到什么希望了。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英若聪当了右派之后，被人从清华教育队伍中撵了出来，当了工人阶级。这段经历他一直视为人生中的一个污点，很少对子女提及，英壮只知道父亲从抹沙工到架子工，建筑工地上什么工种都干过。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　因为这一番折腾，英若聪成了兄弟几个中身体最差的一个。因为教龄被耽误，一直到很晚才评上高级职称，为此他郁郁不欢，1984年还犯过心脏病。自那之后，严重的心脏病一直伴随着他。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1987年，英若聪在毫不知情的情况下，“突然”当选为北京市政协委员。这个消息是英壮在单位读报时偶然看到的，他大吃一惊，“这事不小啊，这是一个级别很高的荣誉了，对一个无党无派、历经磨难的知识分子来说。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　下班后他带着报纸回家了，想跟父亲问个究竟。写惯了剧本的他，讲话也非常追求画面感，“进门之后的镜头是这样的——我父亲正在厨房切黄瓜。我说，‘爸，你的保密工作搞得可以呀，这么大事儿都不跟家里说一声的。’他一脸茫然，‘你说什么呢？’”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“我把报纸给他，我爸就看，看完不说话，把刀一放，坐在沙发上，大概20多分钟不说话。据说这天晚上，他失眠了。等了20年，他终于得到了认可，得到了社会的认可、体制的认可。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英若聪被打成右派只是英家几个子女遭难的开始。很快他弟弟英若识也被群众专政了，原因是他托同事的朋友打听自己的父亲英千里是否还活着，革命群众给他定下了“妄图和海外联系，图谋不轨”的罪状。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英若识的双胞胎弟弟英若智在天津日子也不好过，他是搞水利的，偏偏喜欢画两笔漫画。有一天他画了一只猫蹲在窗边看月亮，被革命小将发现，认为“猫”与“毛”同音，认定他是在攻击伟大领袖。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　这事过了没多久，他惹了更大的祸。他所在的海河治理工程队要搞一个庆祝活动，他热心地揽下了布置标语的活儿，让其他同事早些回家休息。谁知当晚刮了一场大风，第二天集会庆祝时，大家发现“毛主席万岁”变成了“毛主席万夕”。这事被当作一个严重的反革命事件，英若智作为“现行反革命”被投进监狱。3个月后释放，工资却一直停发。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“洋墨水”喝得最多的英若诚，遭遇比几个弟弟更坎坷。父亲是国际俱乐部会员，与诸多外国使节往来密切；他自己成长于教会学校，同学也都是外国人，刚工作那年，他按照组织要求如实填写自己的海外关系，别人最多也就是两三页纸，他整整写了10页。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1952年起，时任北京市长彭真直接授命他利用自己的海外关系，了解西方动向，为组织搜集情报，他还获准可以阅读大量英文读物。结果，1968年他以“美苏双重特务”的罪名被捕入狱，经过多次审讯，他才意识到自己被捕的真正原因是曾经为彭真工作过。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　他在北京、河北等几座监狱过了3年牢狱生活，他的妻子吴世良在他被捕的第二天也被抓了。他们16岁的女儿英小乐被送到内蒙古插队，7岁的英达先是跟奶奶生活，后来被迫流浪街头，住在下水道里。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　蔡葆真因为有个跑到台湾的丈夫，自己又懂法文，被安上一个疑似“法国间谍”的罪名，造反派不许她跟子女同住，把她隔离到一个只有7平米的小矮房里。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　多年以后，英若诚把自己的牢狱生活作为个人自传的第一章，因为这是他一生中“最离奇”的事情。 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;英若诚与吴世良在意大利&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;英宁和父亲英若识&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英若诚&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　我为什么热衷于中西文化交流&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1980年，51岁的英若诚第一次出国。先去伦敦，又去美国访问了几所大学。他是陪曹禺同去的。后来，他对自己的传记合作者、美国杜克大学教授康开丽女士说，“头一次出国一开始不敢相信这是真的，后来又时常陷入内疚之中，因为国人中能够亲眼看到外面世界的人太少，也因为国外物价太高，我们花这么多钱感到不自在。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　他和曹禺都喜欢喝一口，但他们每人每天只有1美金的零花钱，连一瓶啤酒都买不起。于是有一天晚上，他跑出去买了一瓶发酵的苹果汁拿回来，与曹禺当酒喝。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　在美国印第安纳大学访问时，东道主发现了他们的拮据，请曹禺做了一次演讲，英若诚做翻译，学校方面给了他们1000美金作为酬劳。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　用这笔钱，他买了台德国产的彩色电视机，曹禺买了套音响，他们奋力把这两个大件扛回了北京。后来，他得到机会去意大利拍摄《末代皇帝》，他用剧组给的酬劳买了台热水器，也把它托运回了北京。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　改革开放后，他精通的洋文终于派上了正经用场，《推销员之死》、《哗变》、《请君入瓮》、《芭巴拉少校》、《上帝的宠儿》都是由他翻译、引进到北京人艺的外国戏。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达的好友阿忆至今记得自己在大学时代，跟同学一起观看话剧《上帝的宠儿》时的情景，“那时我在北大上大二，跟孔庆东一起跑到人艺看话剧，从那时到现在，俺再没有看过如此震撼和精湛的话剧表演！”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英若诚把自己认为一流的西方大师之作引进到中国，同时也把中国戏剧文化传播到西方。作为密苏里大学的客座教授，他给美国学生排了两部中国话剧，《家》和《十五贯》。他是当时北京人艺海外影响最大的演员之一，《忽必烈》、《末代皇帝》、《小活佛》、《马可·波罗》等影视作品为他赢得了一大批海外观众。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　有人把醉心西方文化的他称为“假洋鬼子”，他不以为耻，还让四弟英若聪给他刻了枚“假洋鬼子”的图章。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1991年他与《英若诚》一书作者柯文辉有过一次长谈，完整地讲述了自己的“文化交流观”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“弘扬民族文化，并不是取消外来文化。……无论是洋奴、假洋鬼子、里通外国，什么文化侵略、黑干将之类的帽子都吓不倒我。……关门主义是代替不了艺术规律和人类渴望相互理解的规律的，……用艺术去感动朋友比说教更有力。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“我们提倡爱国主义，首先要让青少年知道中国与世界的现状，加以对比，祖国才可爱。有的人认为应当把中国说成好而又好，革命灯塔、世界乐园、人间天堂，这便是爱国……这种说法太片面，经不起比较和事实的检验，往往连真正的伟大之处，也被后代轻易否定……&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“什么叫爱国？就是‘要在他的领域里赢得他的尊敬！’……世界上什么事都有一套公认的规则，不能关上门做皇帝。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“我经常遇见双方的无知，我们对外国的无知和外国对我们的无知。……我会点儿外文，能看些洋书。……我看了好些书，对咱们中国有用的书，什么爱森斯坦哪，斯坦尼呀，以至于《推销员之死》、《哗变》哪，我觉得它是外国文化的精华，但光我一个人知道有什么用？我得让中国人都知道，我得翻译出来。直到现在这还是我的动力！”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1986年，他从一名股级干部一跃成为文化部副部长，主管艺术院团和艺术院校。曹禺送给他一幅字，“大丈夫演好戏当好官，奇君子办实事做真人。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　他同自己的父亲一样，在官场也不失一个知识分子的独立性。他说自己在官场上看了太多喊着“文艺为政治服务”口号的人，他把这种来自上面的极左势力幽默地称为“左上方”。当副部长的时候，他竭力改变这样的状况。退下来之后，他翻译导演了萧伯纳的名作《芭巴拉上校》，这场戏的第三幕有一句经典台词，父亲对干什么都不行的儿子说，“在这种情况下，搞政治也许是你惟一的出路。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　身居高位时，他也没有离开过舞台。1990年6月，他卸任了，锁上办公室的门，交出钥匙，轻快地与同事们握手道别，“欢迎明天到首都剧场，看我的戏。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　晚年，他躺在病榻上，严重的肝硬化时常令他陷入幻象，有时他甚至会用英文发表长篇演说。英达、英壮、英宁哥儿几个轮流值守。有一次他对英壮说，“演出快要开始了，咱们对对词儿吧！”还有一次英达刚走进病房，他激动地对儿子高喊，“唉！你来了！他们(护士和大夫)都是外国间谍，我跑不了了，他们把我的裤子拿走了。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　神志清醒的时候，他对康开丽说，自己这一生因为会洋文遭了些罪，但是“在我的生命结束之前，回想我的一生，在我所有的经历中，我决不会放弃学习外语的机会，这是我从我祖父、父亲那里继承的财富之一。他们把这个知识分子家庭的重任传递给我。……中国人狭隘的爱国精神在政治危机中被利用。现在国际关系舞台上最重要的事实是：占世界五分之一人口的中国已不再闭关自守。中国的门已经打开，这是自最高领导层到街上的普通老百姓一致的共识。历史不会再开倒车了。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　自由选择的第四代和第五代&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　老英家人才太多，英达他们哥几个成名后，在天上晕了没两天就落地了。英宁说英达跟自己说过好几次，“有时想想我真觉得自己挺牛的，再一想，还是不行，老几辈儿人那种文化地位和历史作用咱还是真没达到。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英宁小时背不下课文，父亲就拿爷爷英千里的博闻强记激励他，“确实觉得自愧不如，还真能起到激励作用。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“不骄，不躁”是英宁总结的家族传统：不骄，是因为跟老几辈差太远了，“不敢骄傲，但求无愧对前贤，这是家族历史给我们的动力。”不躁，是因为打爷爷去了台湾之后，一家人就开始过苦日子。用英壮的话说，“在历次政治运动中都抬不起头来，有各种各样的头衔和帽子”。英宁笑着说，“我们英家最艰难的日子都熬过去了，再坏也坏不到哪里去了。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英壮直到上高中才对自己的家史有个比较清楚的了解，“小时候，家里人都不爱说这些，一是在当时的政治氛围下，这个家庭的历史并不光彩，二是怕小孩听了出去乱说惹祸。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　小时候他问父母，“我怎么没有爷爷呀？我爷爷在哪儿呢？”爸妈都支支吾吾，后来他写剧本就用这个素材编了一个段子：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“我爷爷是怎么回事？”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“爷爷？爷爷，当然，一般人都有爷爷是吧。你呢？也应该有。有归有，但是不好说。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达流落街头的时候，他们家的日子也过得很惨，祖业被挤占，一家四口被撵到一个9平米的小屋里。父母都是双职工，每天下班回家都很晚。他要照顾妹妹，还要做一家人的饭，“据他们说，我7岁的时候自己杀过一只鸡。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1968年出生的英宁是英家他们这一辈年龄最小的男丁，他热情爽朗，心直口快，自封“英氏家族总联络官”。海外亲友回国后第一件事就是给他打电话，“安排吃住，张罗饭局，这些都是我的事儿。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　国门打开之后，他们家与海外的亲戚渐渐联系上，“中国人就爱串糖葫芦嘛，家里有个海外亲属，就会一个一个往外接。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　从上世纪80年代到现在，20多年过去，这个家庭已经完全国际化了。他小姑姑英若娴最先去了美国，现在美国从事物理学研究。其后英若勤的儿子英健和女儿英明、英达的姐姐英小乐、英壮的妹妹英凡、英宁的妹妹英悦等人也都出国发展了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英家第五代有十余人，一半以上都在国外成长。英达与宋丹丹所生的儿子英如镔(满族名巴图)已经长大成人，从英国留学回来，也宣布要进入演艺圈。英宁哈哈大笑，“我们这两代最大的特点是让我们老英家从一个文化世家变成了梨园世家。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达与梁欢所生的小儿子英如镝运动天赋出众，9岁时作为主力和北京“虎仔队”的队友们在加拿大的贝尔首都杯(全球规模最大的12岁以下少儿冰球比赛)中夺冠。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达为了不耽误孩子的前程，干脆把家搬到美国，小家伙现在是芝加哥使命队青少年俱乐部的队长。英达坚信儿子将来能成为出色的职业冰球手，影响力会超过姚明、丁俊晖。为了培养好下一代，他比以前更加忙碌，国内国外来回飞。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英壮和英宁还坚守在情景喜剧生产第一线，巩固着英家的文艺阵地。接受本刊采访时，英壮正把自己关在京城一家小旅馆里修改《地下交通站2》的剧本，英宁自编自导的新戏《桂花打工记》今年春节前后也要播出了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英宁在他们家的阳光书房里给记者翻看家庭老相册，书房东面的墙壁上挂着英敛之的墨宝：“文辞清妙世少比，胸次广博天所开。”他笑呵呵地跟老人家开玩笑，要父亲英若识为我们“痛说革命家史”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　糟糕的家庭出身、复杂的海外关系让英若识他们这一代很长时间都不敢大声说话。英宁7岁的时候，听到大人们在家里压低了嗓子议论什么事情，小小年纪忽然冒出一句话，让一屋子大人都愣了，“爸，别乱讲，‘文化大革命’不是一次啊，可能还有第二次第三次！” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“现在的环境多宽松啊！他们都可以按照自己的意愿、自己的天赋去发展，”英若识的总结非常经典，“我觉得一个社会是不是合理，就看能不能让每个人自由地发展。他们是赶上好时代了，我们那个时代是畸形的，现在说‘性格决定命运’，我们那时候哪有这个，什么样的性格都是一样的命运！” &lt;br /&gt;　　 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;英家三兄弟片场合影，左起为英达、英壮、英宁&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达 英家是脚踏实地的假洋鬼子&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　改革开放之后，有些人刚刚进入对外交流这个领域，取得了一点点成绩，就开始装洋人，外语没说好，国语也不会了，算是假“假洋鬼子”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　从19世纪到21世纪，优秀的人其实都是假洋鬼子……我觉得好的二毛子应该是像我们家族，一定要达到相当的高度&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　本刊记者 徐梅 发自北京&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达的“雨林山庄”坐落在北京西山余脉的一个山坡上，最早买下这块地的是他祖父英千里，他父亲和几位叔叔小时候，每年夏天跟着大人从城里来到这里避暑。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　2001年开始，英家开始重建这处家宅，2003年建成。本刊记者采访英达这天，赶上北京40年不遇的一场大雪，立于坡顶的山庄是观赏北国风光的理想所在。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达的朋友为我们开门，屋内一派春意，处处见绿，墙纸都是层叠的绿叶图案，中庭垂下串串藤萝，沙发也是嫩绿色的，烟灰缸则是一片琉璃质地的树叶，旁边趴着一只塑料小蜘蛛。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　主人还没露面，先看到他的画，灯罩上几只七彩鹦鹉，以及卫生间里的猫头鹰等各色灵动如真的小兽禽鸟，落款都是“yingda”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　山庄主人从二楼赤脚下来，全然没有他的经典作品《我爱我家》里的那份家常亲切，也没有他塑造的那些银幕角色的滑稽世故。坐言立行中，有的是一个世家子弟的轩昂、悠然，一个聪明人的自得、骄傲，还有一个自我期许极高者在理想与现实落差前的自嘲。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　西方文化&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英家人攀援上升的另一面墙&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：在你的几位前辈中，你最钦佩谁？能给他们排一排座次吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：当然可以啊，最杰出的、最出类拔萃的，那肯定是我曾祖父英敛之先生，其他人跟他不能比。他是从一个贫民之家走出来的，他父亲是个摇煤球的，最后他达到那样的成就。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　一个人从山沟里爬上来，跟你本来就在半山腰，甚至都快到山顶了，那怎么比啊。英家后来所有人都是在他的成功之上，继续了这种成功没有跌下去而已。我爷爷相比曾祖父就要弱一些，他的一生非常坎坷，但是他确实没有什么开拓进取、继往开来的东西。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：你怎么评价你父亲英若诚先生？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：可能我父亲是第二杰出的，他得到了很多前辈的助力，得益于家族。他兄弟姐妹9人，只有他进了圣路易，从教会学校长大，学会一口纯粹英文，他接受的文化教育都是非常西式的。他常给我讲一个道理，一个人想成功是非常非常困难的，有如你面前有一面墙让你这么徒手爬上去，墙上要没有几个附着点，像攀岩似的，根本不可能上去。但是像他这样的人，由于有了外语，有了西方文化的另一面墙，就可以在中西两面墙之间借力，蹭蹭蹭这么着就爬上去了，我觉得他这个比喻是非常恰当的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：你自己呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：我的一生还远远没有过完，不能加入评判的行列。但是我肯定是不行的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：为什么这么说？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：我的早期教育太糟糕了，我7岁多父母就双双进了监狱，“文革”结束的时候，我已经17岁了，在“文革”当中，根本谈不到受过什么教育，这个肯定在极大程度上影响我。虽然相对于我们这一代人，我混得比他们还强一点，也混进了这么一个深宅大院，让人觉得你似乎很成功了，但是实际上这种成功是假的，是因为其他人更差，并不是绝对意义上的成功。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：你们家族用你父亲的话说，都是吃洋饭的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：对！假洋鬼子！二毛子！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：就像你父亲说的，你们借助外语的另外一面墙，中西之间相互得力，然后可以看到更高更远的地方，你觉得你们家族可以作为一个中西交流、中西冲突的样本吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：我觉得是一个非常好的样本。我们是脚踏实地的假洋鬼子。改革开放之后，有些人刚刚进入对外交流这个领域，取得了一点点成绩，就开始装洋人，这样的假洋鬼子很讨厌，洋人的事他并不真懂，甚至连他的英语发音都是错的，外语没说好，国语也不会了，这就得算是假“假洋鬼子”了，这种人毁坏了我们假洋鬼子的名誉。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　从19世纪到21世纪，优秀的人其实都是假洋鬼子，如果彻彻底底就是国粹，一门心思关起门来当国学大师那是没有希望的。即便是毛泽东，他都焦急地想学外语，有过好几个外语老师，最后他没有学成，并不代表他心中就非常非常得意于国粹。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　我甚至觉得中国的优秀人物都会在这个前提之下挣扎，哪怕王朔那样的人，完全感觉是一个北京痞子，外语这事跟他不沾边，实际上都一直偷偷地学外语，早早拿了绿卡。我们那些个在电视上屏幕上使劲唱我们中国崛起了、这好那好、我们中国娃就爱吃小葱拌豆腐，这些人的孩子都在英国偷偷念书。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　我觉得好的二毛子应该是像我们家族，一定要达到相当的高度。这个相当的高度不光是在一代人当中要精研——从外语水平到国学水平，都达到一个一般人达不到的高度——还把这个任务传递到下一代，下下一代。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　想成为精神贵族或者知识、文化上的贵族，一代人根本成不了。我觉得我们家这几代人都是做得挺不错的，几乎可以说是可遇不可求的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：你总结过你们家族的核心价值观吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：(我们家)从来没有过这个提法。什么叫核心价值？我觉得那是很肤浅的、座右铭似的东西，都是年轻人记在笔记本里的放到床头的那种东西，或者写成芝麻卡送给女朋友，跟我们家族相差太远了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　如果非要总结，我们家一代一代都在做的事情就是学外语，对，学外语！就这3字。前几天梁天的儿子要考大学了，问我，我是姑父，问我选什么专业？选什么专业？外语！别的专业最后都会后悔的。能在大学里学4年，而且这一辈子老有用的，只有外语没有别的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　做任何事都一骑绝尘&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：你的朋友都说你是他们认识的最聪明的人，你跟人交流时有智力优势吗？你测过智商吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：那是肯定有的。至于测智商，我自己就是干这个的，我学心理学的，测智商的那套模式，是心理学家弄出来的。我没有那样测算过。我属于那种在任何一个领域，只要我跟别人一起起步，我最后都会是一骑绝尘的那一个，从小到大都是这样。我们家族很多人都有这个特点，所以相对来讲，我认为我是个聪明人。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：你遇到过比你聪明的人吗？智力上遇到过对手吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：单项上有，整体超过我的，到现在还真是一个都没遇到。我儿子非常厉害，也是一学什么就成，而且只要跟别人一块开始的，他一定是最好的，他将来比我可能更突出一些。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：你对你儿子有让他超越前辈的期许吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：有，如果他能按照现在的水平发展下去，他无疑会超越我们。他将做的也是开拓性的工作，他打冰球，中国人从来没有在这个体育项目上，达到像他目前已经达到的高度，如果能够坚持下去，并且一直保持这样领先势头的话，他将是世界前几位的优秀选手。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：家族文化对你的影响和陶冶深刻吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：我自己就是他们影响之后的结果，我还会把这种影响继续传递下去。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　这种影响，它过于完美，存在于每个领域。在每个领域里，一般人的认知如果到这个水平(以手比胸)，我们家直接给到就是这个水平(以手比头)，换句话说，你很难再跳出去，除非你遇到比这个再高的人和事儿。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　我们家的知识系统、幽默系统是一个封闭的很难再攻破的东西，这就使得你原有的知识和品位系统很难被移动，我的很多东西也会传给孩子。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：你讲到你们家的幽默系统，这个系统是怎么形成的？英千里先生是一个很幽默的人吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：我听说他是一个非常幽默的人，上课的时候经常笑声不断，旁边的老师都会绕过来看一看，这屋里怎么了？我最早做老师的时候，也有这种情况，下了课回到教师休息室，别的老师都不无嫉妒地说，英老师那个屋里跟听相声似的，学生哗哗都乐。我觉得这是我最早的脱口秀或者主持节目吧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　但是我现在这种幽默不会是从英千里那里直接来的，因为根本没见过。我接触到的家族里的长辈或者同辈，包括我父亲，包括我几位叔叔，包括英壮、英宁也都是非常幽默的人。我们之间也有微小的差别，语言方式上，知识系统上。但是总体上来说，幽默是一种相对来讲更大的智慧。你不比别人聪明一块儿，你不比他的思维领先一块，你怎么幽他一默？好比大家一块出门，都溜溜达达往山下走，你必须跑到众人前面，然后在他们意想不到的地方绊他们一下，这就是你的幽默。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　我跟他人谈话的时候，做的就是这件事情，似乎是在跟他一起往山下走，谈话的主题都是他，我可能忽然说一句评论，问一个问题，观众就大笑了。其实这时候就是我用语言绊了他一下，这种绊往往是善意的，谈话对象不会为摔一个大跟头跟你急。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：你父亲在文化部任职那几年，你感觉他对官场适应吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：不是很适应，我看到官场里的他，也是挺失望的，但是他没有办法。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：为什么用失望这个词？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：在他的领域里，他是一个无比高大的人，没有人能超越他，但他在官场上，被等级划分得清清楚楚。我跟他去过一些场合，觉得心里非常不舒服，那不是我们的世界。我觉得我父亲那一代人，总是希望自己被证明是一个重要的人。其实他跟我爷爷当官，都是违背祖训的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：你觉得7岁到10岁的磨难对你的性格有影响吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：当然有！好的坏的都有。早期教育的影响远远超乎后来，因为后来都是在早期的基础上长出来的，后面再盖多少层都是靠着底下的地基。如果非常粗线条地说，坏的东西肯定使得我这个人往消极的，甚至可以说多疑的方向推进了很多。如果没有那样的经历，我肯定要比现在积极向上一些。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　正面的影响就是，我那么小就已经经历过那样的打击，所以现在没有什么打击是我受不了的。很多人说英达他得多自负，如果说有一个重大打击忽然落下，他哪能受得了。其实我什么都受得了，我最差的时候都有过，这算什么。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　再出一个《我爱我家》不可能了&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：你现在基本不做导演了，只是主持节目，客串一些影视角色，还有打算拍出像《我爱我家》那样的好作品吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：不行。现在条件不合适了。喜剧是需要宽松环境的，现在再拍一部，不用别的，笑料尺度和《我爱我家》一样的，政治上都通不过。《武林外传》这个片子的成功并不能打开一个类型，就好像大家正在琢磨该种点什么、吃点什么，有人打下从天上飞过的山鸡，不可能大家最后都说，这太好办了，咱们天天都打山鸡吧！哪有那么多山鸡可打啊。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　有很多东西碰不得，比如说某个类型或某种职业的人物，包括外国人、残疾人、宗教人士，包括下岗女工、三陪小姐等等，这些都不能碰。喜剧是最难弄的，创作环境这样苛刻，怎么能指望创作出喜剧呢，创作出来的东西只能是不痛不痒。所以整体来说，喜剧没什么搞头。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：你演过的角色里，很多观众最喜欢的还是《围城》中的赵辛楣。大家都挺遗憾的，你这些年也没什么好的角色。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：最早做演员，做的时候着急，看着剧本很好，台词也不错，瞅着那导演他似乎根本不能理解这个本子，或者跟你演对手戏的根本不知道自己嘴里在说什么。你想帮他讲一讲吧，他还很不高兴：咱俩都一块演戏，凭什么我老照着你说的走，是不是你想把台词包袱弄到自个儿那儿呀？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　后来自己干导演，我不演了，甭怀疑我有什么私人目的。我是导演，我说你就得听，演员倒是听了，但是剧本太糟了，怎么跟作者说也说不清楚，只能自己动手，自己写。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　后来发现还是不行，到了拍摄现场，什么都有事卡着。得了，以后咱自己当制片人……已经离初衷越来越远了。而且这么弄，并没有最后弄出一个完全按照自己想法走的东西，可能以后也不会有吧。非常羡慕人家，比如说《阿凡达》的导演詹姆斯·卡梅隆，那么狂野的一个梦，就能实现，而且实现得如此完美。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：你是有很大才能的一个人，现在就做做主持，这对于你来讲是不是太小儿科了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：小儿科就小儿科吧，那么多小儿科的大夫也没有说因为这个就不干小儿科，大家统统都去神经内科了。我觉得能把小儿科做好了挺不错的，人到一定岁数不再那么看中所谓的才能、成功这个那个的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：那到你这个岁数想要过什么样的生活？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：现在距离我50岁生日还差几个月，五十知天命呵，我还不敢说我知道。希望更多跟家人孩子在一起，参与他们的成长，参与他们的成功。另一方面，有的时候看到人家有好作品激动起来，看到坏作品气愤起来，有时候也想说，我给你们干一个看看，但是这种情况已经越来越少。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：你对现在的状态满意吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：还可以。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：你在演艺圈待着觉得别扭吗？你那么聪明，追求完美，可是据说这里面有文化的人挺少的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：不别扭。已经习惯了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人物周刊：如果还有其他职业选择，你可以不做导演不做演员，你会选什么职业？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达：不知道。我有好多想做的事情，但是我相信当我真正去做的时候，我同样会发现那个圈子的问题。我有很多别的行业的朋友，在自己的行业里做得非常成功，都说你们演艺圈多好，玩着就把钱挣了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　人家选了我当北京市少年冰球联盟的主席，我有时候也想，如果我就光做这一件事情，没有另一个我的主业，我会满意吗？我处理这个协会的事情还能看得那么超然吗？答案可能不是。还有很多其他的爱好，我如果就干这个了，它还会是我的爱好吗？我想想我这辈子最大的爱好可能还是表演行业，其中包括主持，包括制作，也包括导演，也包括演戏。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英式家族的遗传密码&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　本刊记者 徐梅 实习记者 易洁 发自北京&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1992年，周忆军(阿忆)第一次与英达见面，“一堆人的一个研讨会上，《围城》刚播不久，他挺红的，好多人挤上去给他塞名片……”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达手里捏着两摞名片，恰与工作人员之一的阿忆四目相对，“他冲我咧了咧嘴，无奈地笑了笑。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　过了两年，阿忆约宋丹丹采访，远远看到英达来了，他没主动打招呼，“我从来不寄希望我一个普通人认识一个名人之后，他还能记得我、认识我。”让他惊讶的是，英达大步走了过来，准确地喊出了他的名字，还说出了两人两年前第一次见面时的场景。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　后来，阿忆意识到并非自己给英达的第一印象太过深刻，“而是这家伙的记忆力太好了，这么多年那么多人采访他，他甚至连某家电视台的某个摄像都记得，屡次把人惊着。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　再后来，阿忆与英达成了至交，与英达的父亲英若诚及其他英家人都有过接触，终于发现这种“照相式的记忆力”出自他们老英家的遗传。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　非洲食蚁兽aardvark&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英若诚的父亲英千里和钱钟书曾被公认为当时“中国人英语最好的两位”，英千里为了锻炼自己的记忆力，经常背词典。英若诚他们小的时候，英千里常主动跟他们“玩游戏”，英若识对此记忆犹新，“我父亲拿出厚厚的《韦氏大词典》，让我们随便在里面找单词考他，每次我们都难不倒他。我记得有一次我找了一个特别偏的、非洲的一种食蚁兽，拿这个单词考他，没想到他竟然也知道，哎呀，我真是服了。”那个单词过了60多年，英若识还记得，“aardvark！印象太深刻了！”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　有趣的是，多年之后，英若识本人也成了儿子英宁的活字典，“我写剧本的时候，遇到什么字儿、什么词儿想不起来，一个电话打给老头儿，他张口就能告诉我，每次都这样，比字典还好使。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英若识觉得英家人的好记性一小半是天生的，还有大半是“兴趣广泛，爱学习”带来的。“说好听点叫‘百科全书’，不好听的就是‘杂家’，我们家人都有这个特点。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　小时候，他常跟英若勤、英若诚、英若聪几个哥哥一起侃大山，英若诚从小就天文地理无所不知，“他后来总被人叫做‘英大学问’，其实更应该叫他‘英大学习’。他思维敏锐，学习能力非常强，这点我很佩服他。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　在几个哥哥眼中，家里知识面最窄的就是小妹妹若娴，哥哥们山南海北聊大天儿的时候，她一句话都插不上，“感觉她傻得不得了，结果她到学校后，把从我们这儿听的东西讲给同学，在同学眼中她居然很渊博。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　表演、绘画和音乐是大家共同的爱好，很小的时候，他们就在家里像模像样地演戏、办画展。英若诚还弄了手摇唱片机回来，几个弟弟妹妹一放学就围着听西洋管弦乐。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1968年4月，英若诚被捕了。在狱中，他主动接近所有会手艺的人，向他们学习如何制作奶酪、西点，如何孵小鸡、盖房子，如何做毛笔，乃至生产假鸦片。利用自制的毛笔和墨汁，他在狱中记了许多关于制作食物和其他各种手艺的笔记，他称为“生存笔记”。他不指望能回到剧场做演员，想着多学些手艺，为出狱后一家人的生计早做打算。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　出狱后第一个冬天，他被分派到剧院锅炉房，看到柴火堆中好多木料，觉得可惜，就捡了不少回家做家具，做了一个很大的书架，还有一张大桌子。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　女儿英小乐从内蒙插队回北京，爷俩儿和泥做砖，一块儿盖了间小房子当储藏室。卧室里腾出一块地方，把他先前做的桌子一摆，朋友们就可以来打桥牌了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达从小就天分过人，英若诚用补发的工资从琉璃厂淘了许多好书，其中有一套契科夫小说。英达只有11岁，就看得津津有味，对爸爸说，“我不知道还有这么有意思的书。”英若诚还想办法弄了一台二手唱机，在家里偷偷放贝多芬给英达听。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　阿忆坚定地认为英达是自己认识的最聪明的人，“我认识的人里面，没有一个在智力上是英达的对手。他随手翻书，过目不忘，咱们读书1000条信息你最多只记得20条，他全在脑子里。他其实是一个学问非常大的人，各个行业的专业术语，专业人士半天说不明白，他打个比方，说个笑话，就让人再明白不过了。一块儿坐着说历史能让研究历史的没话说，谈医学能让当医生的自叹不如。他只是把自己打扮成了一个演员、一个导演。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　2001年，由于阿忆的推荐，英达从演艺界闯进主持界，《夫妻剧场》、《夫妻天下》、《明星大课堂》、《英达老故事》这些栏目在各地方卫视收视率都挺高，有的甚至达到8%以上。阿忆所在的九合成传媒成为英达的重要合作伙伴。“他的酬劳绝对是主持人里最高的，第二名都没办法跟他比。但是公司觉得很值，他只要在节目录制前10分钟看下策划，知道这期节目的大概框架是什么，剩下的事情你就不用管了！他所有的主持都是即兴反应，不用准备。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英壮比英达小4岁，对英达也有几分崇拜。英达从小字写得好，会画画，还会用橡皮泥捏各种动物，英壮一直觉得奇怪，“他在哪儿学的那么些手艺！”上中学的时候英达还写过一个小说，说的是一个发生在香港的银行劫案，英壮当时还上小学呢，没怎么看懂，只是觉得“写得很热闹，挺新鲜！”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　把悲剧当喜剧来演&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英若诚去世5年之后，《英若诚自传》中文版才由中信出版社出版。英达为父亲的自传写了序言，“每天生活在身边，再伟大的传奇人物也会显得平庸。……在读这本书的过程中，我又一次惊奇地发现了我的父亲，他的聪明，他的锋利，他的博学，他的幽默……敢情我到今天还没有超越他！”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“生活即使是悲剧，也要当作喜剧演下去。”这是英宁打小从父辈身上学到的东西，幽默是英家人对苦难生活的反戈一击。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英若诚在监狱里花了整整一年时间，做了本《毛主席诗词》，毛笔、红黑两色墨水都是他自制的。他照着监狱里发的报纸画毛主席像，诗词部分他模仿的是毛泽东的书法，评论部分则用自己的笔迹来写。这本令人叫绝的《毛主席诗词》现在存放在美国的一个博物馆里。“我的一生看似充满了曲折和不幸，人们也许会因此感到不平，但我的自身体验完全不是那样。人本能地追随积极向上的东西，我也是这么做的。如果这部传记值得读，值得写，最主要的目的是要证明我在‘文化大革命’这样的环境中怎样主动积极地度过在监狱里的日子，权当一本‘坐牢手册’吧。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英若诚在清华追求吴世良时，曾对她说过，不能保证她富贵，但能让她幸福，永不孤单，“婚后每天有笑声”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　梁欢嫁给英达后，同样也是天天乐得合不拢嘴。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　阿忆告诉记者，英达最爱谈的有3个话题，“一是他儿子，二是反对中医，三是历史。他口才好，是个话痨，像个孩子，得理不饶人。一块儿坐下来吃饭，谁要是想跟他理论，这顿饭就别吃了。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　梁欢曾经挺认真地拉着阿忆，要他抽时间好好整理一下英达的思想，“她说你看英达天天在为我们的政府操心，想了特别多好主意。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“英达讲，为什么我们看篮球那么激动，因为进球多啊！再看足球多沉闷啊，忙活半天，0：1，还有0比0的，那有什么好看的啊。所以英达主张把球门再扩大两倍！这样就可以不停地进球。他天天就想这种主意。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　英达和梁欢的儿子英如镝4岁就能把圆周率背到1000多位，弹钢琴拿过国际大赛6岁以下组特等奖，3岁学滑冰，之后学打冰球，今年才11岁就已经满世界参加比赛了。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-794709315280007991?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/794709315280007991/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=794709315280007991&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/794709315280007991'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/794709315280007991'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2010/01/blog-post.html' title='英家俊杰'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-6529826066812865154</id><published>2009-11-14T07:24:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2009-11-14T07:25:27.244-06:00</updated><title type='text'>奥巴马东京演讲</title><content type='html'>2009年11月13日&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;日本东京&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;三得利音乐厅（Suntory Hall）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;奥巴马总统：十分感谢。Arigatou（谢谢）。多谢大家。（掌声）早上好。十分荣幸来到东京，我作为美国总统首次亚洲之行的第一站。（掌声）谢谢。来到你们这么多人中间感到十分高兴，这里有日本人士，我还看见一些美国人。（掌声）大家每天都在为增强我们两国间的关系而工作，包括我的老朋友和新任驻日大使约翰∙鲁斯（John Roos）。（掌声）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;再次来到日本真令人高兴。我小时候，母亲带我来过镰仓（Kamakura），在那里，我抬头望见历史悠久的和平与安宁的象征——巨大的青铜阿弥陀佛（Amida Buddha）。作为一个孩子，抹茶冰淇淋（macha ice cream）对我更有吸引力。（笑声）我要感谢鸠山（Hatoyama）首相，昨天的晚宴上有更多的冰淇淋，与我一起分享了过去的一些回忆。（笑声和掌声）多谢大家。但我从未忘记日本人民对一个远离家乡的美国孩子所表现的热情好客。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;在此次访问期间，我感受到了同样的热情。因为鸠山首相给予了殷勤的接待。我还有幸在天皇即位20周年之际会见天皇和皇后陛下。日本人民也展示了热情好客的风貌。当然，我来到这里不可能不向日本小滨市（Obama）市民表示我的问候和感激之情。（掌声）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我的亚洲之行从这里开始，理由很简单。我自就职以来，努力恢复美国的主导地位，在共同利益和相互尊重的基础上寻求与世界交往的新时代。而我们在亚太地区的努力在很大程度上将植根于美日之间历久弥新的同盟关系。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;从我就职之初开始，我就努力加强紧密联系我们两国的纽带。我在白宫迎来的首位外国领导人就是日本首相，而且，国务卿希拉里∙克林顿（Hillary Clinton）的首次出访目的地是亚洲，首站为日本，这是将近50年来美国国务卿第一次这样做。（掌声）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;再过两个月，我们的同盟将迎来50周年纪念日，50年前的这一天，德怀特·艾森豪威尔（Dwight Eisenhower）总统与日本首相并肩而立，他说，我们两国正在建立基于“平等和相互理解”的“牢不可破的伙伴关系”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;在此后半个世纪中，这一同盟作为两国安全与繁荣的基础持续至今。这一同盟帮助我们成为世界上最大的两个经济体，日本成为美国在北美以外的最大的贸易伙伴。随着日本在世界舞台上发挥更大的作用，这一同盟关系也不断演变，对世界各地的稳定作出了重大贡献——从伊拉克（Iraq）重建到在非洲之角（Horn of Africa）沿海地区打击海盗活动，乃至向阿富汗（Afghanistan ）和巴基斯坦（Pakistan）人民提供援助，最近一次则是在进一步承诺支持该地区的国际发展努力中发挥了重大的带头作用。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;最重要的是，我们的同盟经受住了考验，因为它反映了我们共同的价值观——一种对自由的人民自行选择领导人并实现自己的梦想的民主权利之信念； 一种让鸠山首相和我自己能以誓言变革而竞选成功的信念。让我们同心协力，为我们的人民和我们的同盟发挥新一代领导人的作用。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;正是出于这个原因，在这个历史的紧要关头，我们两人不仅再次肯定了我们的同盟——还同意深化这种同盟。我们已经同意，将通过联合工作组加速实施我们两国政府就调整驻冲绳（Okinawa）美军问题达成的协议。在我们的同盟不断发展并适应未来的过程中，我们始终不遗余力地维护艾森豪威尔总统很久以前阐明的那种精神，即一种平等且相互尊重的伙伴关系。（掌声）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我们在本地区的承诺虽然以日本为开端，但并不以这里为终点。美利坚合众国虽然发源于大西洋沿岸的一系列港口和城市，但我们世世代代始终是一个太平洋国家。亚洲和美国并没有被太平洋阻断，而是被太平洋联系在一起。我们依靠历史联系在一起——通过为建设美国出力的亚洲移民，还有一代又一代为保障这个地区的安全和自由而服役并做出奉献的美国军人。我们依靠共同繁荣联系在一起——贸易和商业与千百万个就业机会和众多家庭的生计息息相关。我们依靠我们的人民联系在一起——丰富了美国生活方方面面的美国亚裔，还有各自的生活相互交织在一起的所有的人，就像我们各个国家紧密相连一样。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我的人生经历就是这个历程的一部分。我作为美国总统，出生在夏威夷（Hawaii），年少时曾在印度尼西亚（Indonesia）生活。我妹妹马娅（Maya）出生在雅加达（Jakarta），后来嫁给了一位加拿大籍华人。我母亲在东南亚地区的村庄里工作了近十年，帮助妇女购买缝纫机或接受教育，使她们有可能在世界经济中有一个立足之地。因此，太平洋周边地区影响了我的世界观的形成。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;从那时至今，也许没有任何一个地区的变化如此之快、如此之大。统制经济已让位于开放的市场。专制政权转变成民主制度。生活水平上升，贫困程度下降。通过所有这些变化，美国和亚太地区的命运比以往更加紧密地联系在一起。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;因此，我希望每一个人都知道，我希望美国每一个人都知道，这个地区的未来与我们利害攸关，因为这里发生的一切对我们国内的生活有着直接的影响。在这里，我们从事大量的商务活动，购进了大多数商品。在这里，我们可以出口我国更多的产品，这个过程也为国内创造了就业机会。在这里，核武器竞赛的危险威胁着整个世界的安全。在这里，玷污了一个伟大宗教的极端主义分子试图策划对我们两个大洲发动袭击。没有亚太地区崛起的大国和发展中国家的参与，就不会有解决能源安全和应对气候挑战的办法。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;为了应对这些共同的挑战，美国寻求与本地区国家巩固已有的同盟并建立新的伙伴关系。为此，我们需依靠美国与日本、韩国（South Korea）、澳大利亚（, Australia）、泰国（Thailand）和菲律宾(Philippines)达成的盟约——这些盟约不依靠过时的历史文献，而要求坚持对我们的共同安全有着根本意义的具有相互约束力的承诺。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这些同盟关系继续为本地区国家和人民奠定了安全与稳定的基础，使他们得以追求机会和繁荣，而这些在我第一次访问日本时是根本无法想象的。即使美国军队正在这个世界上卷入了两场战争，我们对于日本和亚洲的安全承诺仍然不可动摇。（掌声）这可以从我们在整个地区的部署中清楚地看到——尤其是通过我们的年青的男女军人。我为他们感到骄傲。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我们看到，新兴国家正蓄势待发，准备在亚洲太平洋地区以至全世界发挥更大的作用，如印度尼西亚和马来西亚（Malaysia）等国已采取民主制度，发展其经济，并希望挖掘本国人民的巨大潜力。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我们还看到一些国家正日益强盛。我们认为在21世纪，一个国家的安全和经济增长不必以损害其他国家为代价，我知道，许多人都质疑我们对中国兴盛的看法，但正如我说过的——在一个相互联系的世界上，实力不必用于你死我活的对抗，各国也无须忧惧他国的成功。发展相互合作的领域——不是势力范围的相互竞争——将为亚太地区带来进步。 （掌声）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;如同与任何其他国家交往一样，美国处理与中国的关系也以我们的利益为重点。但这正是为什么我们在有共同利益的问题上要求与中国进行具有实效的合作，因为没有任何一个国家可以单独应对21世纪的各项挑战。美国和中国如果能共同迎接挑战，就能达到双赢的结果。这也正是为什么我们欢迎中国在世界舞台上发挥更大的作用——这种作用要求在经济日益增长的同时，相应承担更大的责任。事实证明，与中国的合作伙伴关系对于我们刺激经济复苏的努力至关重要。中国增进了阿富汗和巴基斯坦的安全和稳定，现在正致力于全球防核扩散制度，并支持朝鲜半岛无核化的努力。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;因此，美国并不寻求遏制中国，与中国深化关系也不意味着削弱我们与其他国家的双边联盟。相反，一个强大、繁荣的中国的崛起可以加强国际社会的力量。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;因此，无论是在北京还是在别处，我们都将努力深化我们的“战略与经济对话”（Strategic and Economic Dialogue），同时增进双方军队之间的交流。当然，我们不可能对所有的问题达成共识。为我们珍视的基本价值观大声疾呼，美国从来都不会动摇，其中包括尊重所有人民的宗教和文化，因为维护人权与人类尊严在美国已经根深蒂固。但是我们仍然可以本着合作的精神推进这些磋商，不再纠缠于相互的积怨。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;除了我们的双边关系之外，我们认为多边组织的发展也能够增进这个地区的安全与繁荣。我了解，近年来美国与此类组织的关系疏远，因此希望在此明确表示：那些日子一去不复返了。作为一个亚太国家，美国期待着参与事关本地区前途的讨论，并随着有关组织的建立和发展全力参与。 （掌声）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这就是我要在本次出访中开始做的工作。亚太经济合作论坛将继续促进本地区的商务和繁荣。我期盼着今晚出席该论坛的会议。东南亚国家联盟（ASEAN）将继续是推动东南亚对话、合作与安全的动力，我期盼着成为与东盟所有10个成员国的领导人会晤的第一位美国总统。（掌声）随着东亚峰会在应对当代挑战的过程中发挥作用，美国期待着以更正式的方式与之接触。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我们寻求这种更加深入与广泛的接触，因为我们知道我们共同的未来取决于这种接触。我想略微谈一下这样的未来将是一种什么景象，我们必须为促进我们的繁荣、我们的安全、我们的普遍价值观与愿望做些什么。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;首先，我们必须加强我们的经济复苏，争取实现平衡与持续的增长。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;亚太地区国家和其他国家迅速采取前所未有和协调一致的行动，避免了一场经济灾难，有助于我们开始摆脱这一场几代人以来最严重的衰退。我们为改革国际经济结构采取了具有历史意义的举措，因此20国集团现已成为国际经济合作的主要渠道。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;重心向20国集团的转移 ––  加上亚洲国家在国际金融机构获得更大的发言权 ––  明确显示美国力求在21世纪进行更广泛和更具有包容性的接触。日本作为8国集团（G-8）的一个重要会员国，已经并将继续为建设未来的国际金融结构发挥重要作用。（掌声）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;目前我们已经开始经济复苏，但还须保证经济复苏的持续性。我们显然不能再走导致产生全球衰退的“繁荣与泡沫”恶性循环的老路。我们不能再执行造成不平衡增长的同样政策。这次经济衰退给予我们的重要教训之一是，主要依靠美国消费者和亚洲出口推动经济增长存在着种种局限。因为一旦美国人身陷债务或失去工作，对亚洲商品的需求就会骤然下降。需求大幅度下跌，这个地区的出口也会大幅度下跌。由于这个地区的经济如此依赖出口，增长就会随之停滞。结果只会造成全球衰退的进一步加深。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我们现在已经处在历史上罕见的转折点之一，我们在这里有机会走上一条不同的道路。这条道路必须以我们在匹兹堡（Pittsburgh ）20国集团会议上作出的保证为起点，采取新的战略实现经济平衡增长。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我在新加坡还要更多地谈到这个问题；但是在美国，这项新战略意味着增加储蓄和撙节开支，改革我们的金融系统，降低我们的长期赤字。这还意味着进一步以出口为重点，从而我们可以进行制造、生产并在全世界范围销售。对于美国来说，这是一项创造就业的战略。目前，我们的出口支持了美国千百万待遇优厚的工作。只要略增加出口就有可能创造出数百万个工作机会。这些工作包罗万象，从制造风力涡轮、太阳能电池板到你们每天使用的技术等。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;对亚洲而言，取得这种更好的平衡将为劳工阶层和消费者提供一个机会，使之能够享受由于他们大幅度提高生产率而带来的更高的生活水平。这种平衡还有助于增加住房、基础设施和服务行业的投资。一个更加平衡的全球经济将使更大范围内的更多人受益于经济繁荣。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;数十年来，美国市场是世界上开放程度最高的市场之一，这种开放带动这个地区和其他地区的许多国家在上个世纪取得了成功。在这个新时代，开放全球各地的其他市场对美国以及世界的繁荣都至关重要。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;此项新战略的一个不可或缺的部分是努力达成一项雄心勃勃的、平衡的多哈协议——不是一项普通的协议，而是一项能够在世界各地开放市场和增加出口的协议。我们已经做好准备，与我们的亚洲伙伴协作，寻求及时达到这一目标——我们邀请亚太地区的贸易伙伴和我们一道参加谈判。 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我们还认为，这个地区内各经济体之间的进一步整合将使我们各国的劳工阶层、消费者和企业受益。我们将与我们的友邦韩国协作，共同处理需要解决的问题，推进与他们达成贸易协议的工作。美国还将与跨太平洋伙伴关系国家接触，以达成一项地区性协议，这项协议将拥有众多会员，并达到21世纪贸易协议所应有的高标准。 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;通过伙伴关系共同努力——这将是我们继续推动经济复苏、创造共同繁荣的方式。但是，仅仅寻求平衡的增长还不够，我们还需要确保增长的可持续性——为了我们的地球，也为了将在地球上生活的子孙后代。 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;在过去10个月中，美国在控制气候变化方面采取的措施已经超过了多年来所有努力的总和，这些措施包括：接受科学论证，投资于新能源，提高节能标准，缔结新的伙伴关系，参加有关气候变化的国际谈判。总之，美国意识到有更多的工作要做——而我们正在履行我们的责任，并将继续这样做。 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这包括努力在哥本哈根取得成功。我深知任务艰巨，并不存有幻想，但前进的道路是明确的。所有国家都必须承担其责任。那些排放量名列前茅的国家——包括我自己的国家——必须制定明确的减排目标。发展中国家也必须在财政和技术的支持下采取实质行动减少排放。对于各国在国内采取的行动，必须保持透明度和建立问责制。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我们每一个国家都必须尽最大努力做到在发展经济的同时不危及我们的地球——我们必须共同完成这项任务。令人欣慰的是，如果我们建立合理的规则与奖励机制，就会激发最出色的科学家、工程师和创业者的创造力，从而带来新的就业机会、新的企业和新的行业。 在这方面，日本历来名列前茅。在我们为实现这个重要的全球目标而努力之际，我们期待着与你们结成重要的伙伴。（掌声）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;但是，即使在应对21世纪这一挑战的同时，我们也必须作出加倍努力，遏制20世纪给我们遗留的安全威胁——核武器的危险。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我在布拉格申明，美国决心在世界上消除核武器，并为达到这一目标提出了一项全面计划。（掌声）我对日本参与到这一努力中来感到欣慰，因为地球上没有任何国家比这两个国家更懂得这些武器的后果，因此我们必须共同寻求一个无核武的未来。这对我们共同的安全至关重要，这对我们共通的人道是巨大考验。我们的未来与此息息相关。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;现在，但我必须说明：只要这些武器仍然存在，美国就将保持强大和有效的核威慑力，为我们的盟国——包括日本和韩国——提供防御保障。（掌声）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;但是，我们必须认识到，军备竞赛在这个地区的加剧将会破坏几十年来不断扩大的安全与繁荣。因此，我们必须坚持《不扩散核武器条约》（Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty）的基本协议，即所有国家都享有和平使用核能的权利；拥有核武器的国家有责任采取核裁军行动；不拥有核武器的国家有责任不予谋求。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;的确，日本已为世界作出榜样，它显示，真正的和平与实力可以通过这条道路实现。（掌声）几十年来，日本在不发展核武器的同时，已经享受到核能源和平用途的种种好处——无论从任何意义衡量，这都使日本更加安全，处境更加有利。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;为履行我们的责任——并且推动我在布拉格提出的计划，我们在日本的帮助下，一致通过了一项联合国安理会决议，支持这一国际努力。我们正在争取与俄罗斯就削减我们的核库存达成一项新协定。我们将为使《禁止核试验条约》(Test Ban Treaty)获得批准并生效而努力。（掌声）在明年核安全峰会（Nuclear Security Summit）上我们将推动的目标是，在4年之内使全世界所有处境危险的核材料得到妥善管理。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;如我前面所说，加强全球核不扩散机制并不是针对具体国家。它的目的是要让所有国家履行责任。这其中包括伊朗伊斯兰共和国，也包括北韩。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;几十年以来，北韩选择走冲突与挑衅的道路，包括谋求核武器。这条道路通向何方应该是一目了然的。我们加强了对平壤的制裁。我们通过了迄今为止内容最广泛的联合国安理会决议，限制其从事与大规模毁灭性武器有关的活动。我们不会被威胁吓倒，我们将继续用行动而不仅仅是言辞发出明确信息：北韩拒绝承担其国际责任只会导致减少而不是增进安全。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;但还有另外一条路可以走。同我们的合作伙伴携手努力——并在直接外交的支持下——美国准备为北韩提供一个不同的前景。北韩可以改变受孤立的处境和严重压制本国人民的行为，实现与国际社会融合的前景。北韩能够摆脱深度的贫困，开创一个充满经济机遇的前景——让贸易、投资和旅游业带给北韩人民一个改善生活的机会。北韩也可以不再感到越来越不安全，从而获得更加安全、更受尊重的前景。好战的态度无法赢得这种尊重。一个国家只有通过全面履行其国际义务，成为国际大家庭的一员，才能实现这个目标。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;北韩实现上述前景的道路是明确的：重返六方会谈；履行已作出的承诺，包括重新加入《不扩散核武器条约》；以全面、可核实的方式实现朝鲜半岛无核化。只有在向日本家庭公布被绑架日本人的全部情况后，才可能同其邻国全面实现关系正常化。（掌声）北韩政府如果愿意改善本国人民的生活并加入国际大家庭，就需要采取上述各项措施。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我们在保持警觉应对这一挑战的同时，将同我们所有的亚洲伙伴共同抗击21世纪的跨国威胁：铲除杀害无辜的极端主义分子，制止威胁我们海上通道的海盗活动；加强我们防治传染病的努力，并努力在我们这个时代消除极端贫困；阻断贩运分子压榨妇女、儿童和移民的活动，一劳永逸地消除这种现代奴役的祸害。毫无疑问，我们必须共同努力的最后一个问题是，维护全人类的基本权利和尊严。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;亚太地区的文化丰富多样，以深厚的传统和悠久的民族历史为鲜明特征。我们一次又一次地看到这个地区的人民推动人类进步的卓越才华和进取精神。但有一点也很清楚——对人权的尊重并没有削弱本土文化和经济增长，实际上还发挥了促进作用。捍卫人权能够保障以其他任何方式都难以换取的持久安全——这是日本民主的写照，同时也是美国民主的写照。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;对自由与尊严的向往是全人类所共有的。因为人类拥有一些共同的追求：自由表达自己的思想，自主推选领导人；有获取信息的能力，能按照自己的意愿信仰宗教；对法治的信任以及司法平等。这些对实现稳定并不构成障碍，而是稳定的支柱。我们将永远同追求这些权利的人站在一起。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这条真理为我们对缅甸的新政策指明了方向。尽管多年来用心良苦，但不论是美国实行的制裁，还是其他方面进行的接触，都未能改善缅甸人民的生活。因此，我们现在直接向缅甸领导人清楚地表明，在出现向民主改革迈进的切实步骤前，现行制裁措施将会继续下去。我们支持一个统一、和平、繁荣和民主的缅甸。缅甸在向这个方向迈进的过程中，有可能同美国改善关系。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有一些明确的步骤是必须采取的——无条件释放包括昂山素季（Aung San Suu Kyi）在内的所有政治犯；结束与少数民族的冲突；以及在政府、民主反对派和少数民族之间就未来共同的愿景展开真正的对话。惟有如此，缅甸政府才能响应缅甸人民发出的呼声。这也是将给缅甸带来真正安全与繁荣的道路。（掌声）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这些都是美国为进一步促进亚太地区的繁荣、安全和人类尊严将采取的步骤。我们将通过与日本的亲密友谊来实施这些步骤。我们在亚太地区进行努力的过程中，与日本的友谊将永远处于中心地位。我们将作为合作伙伴这样做——通过我今天谈到的更广泛的接触。我们将作为一个太平洋国家这样做——这个国家的总统曾经在某种程度上受到地球上这个地区的影响。我们将怀着近50年来指引我们与日本人民关系的同样的意志这样做。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这些关系的历史可追溯到上个世纪中叶，太平洋地区的战火熄灭后不久。就是在那个时候，美国对日本的安全与稳定所作的承诺，连同日本人民的应变能力和勤奋精神造就了人们所称的“日本奇迹”（Japanese Miracle）——全世界在相当长一段时间内闻所未闻的经济快速强劲增长的时期。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;在其后几年乃至数十年的时间里，这一奇迹扩展到整个地区，在短短一代人的时间内，亿万人民的生活和命运得到前所未有的改善。这方面的进步是在来之不易的和平环境中取得的，促使这一广袤地区的各国紧密联结的相互理解的新桥梁也会进一步增进这方面的进步。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;但我们知道，仍有工作需要做——促使科学技术的新突破在太平洋两岸创造就业机会；防止地球日益变暖；使我们能制止致命武器的扩散；在一个分裂的半岛上，南方的人民能摆脱恐惧，北方的人民再不感到匮乏；让年轻女孩不因个人外貌而因其聪明才智受到重视，世界各地的年轻人都能充分发挥自己的才能、自己的能动性，在自己选择的道路上成长。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这一切都不可能一帆风顺，也不可能不经历挫折或斗争。但在此万象更新的时刻——在这片产生奇迹的土地上——历史告诉我们，这是可能做到的。这是美国的议程。这是我们与日本，与本地区各国和人民建立伙伴关系的目的。毫无疑问，作为美国的首位心系太平洋的总统，我向你们承诺，这个太平洋国家将增强并持续保持我们在世界这一极其重要地区的主导地位。&lt;br /&gt;十分感谢各位。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-6529826066812865154?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/6529826066812865154/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=6529826066812865154&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/6529826066812865154'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/6529826066812865154'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post.html' title='奥巴马东京演讲'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-6930286969461049076</id><published>2009-07-28T19:56:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-07-28T19:57:51.326-05:00</updated><title type='text'>中国不宜 居</title><content type='html'>回国7年的感觉：中国不是个适宜生活的地方&lt;br /&gt;本文网址：http://news.backchina.com/2009/7/29/gb2312_50709.html&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　想回国的都很在意回国后的收入问题，我看过很多帖子，好像集中在月薪2万元的居多。国内的没有出国的人，给我的感觉是，很多人的总收入不低。我一个北京的朋友，买了两套住房，一套在东四环，一小套在西直门（刚买的，出租用），现金大概120万（目前一年收益8万），身价大概在450万。深圳的一个朋友，房 2套，商铺1个出租，一个月收入（租金+薪水）大概在4万。另一个在华侨城上班的，一套房子月收租13,000元，自己住在华侨城提供给公司员工的补贴房子里，3房的，一个月2,500。有一个在华为上班的比较猛（搞技术的），一年加上分红可能要接近100万，原因是他是华为的老员工。基本上，在国内，稳定的人的收入，有相当一部分来自于“财产性收入”，不仅仅是薪水了。（当然，中国的广大地区的人们的收入，还是很少的。可是，海归们谁又会去那些地区生活呢？）这个情况，并非中国的普遍情况，但是，想海归的，难道不是觉得“至少”要达到国内中上级水平吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　主要针对美国的讲，其实就是个比较。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　衣：我相信，回国后不可能一直都在地摊上讨价还价吧，而且，实际上，地摊上的东西，一看就是很烂的。那么，如果跑到大商场里去买衣服，一个字：贵。价格不比美国大商场里的便宜。我不太在意衣着，因为正式装几乎穿不着。耐用的衣服如皮衣之类的，大概买3，000多价位的，其他休闲装，大概在300元以内。（回国之前，定做了两套西装，花了接近5，500美元，皮鞋在Las Vegas凯撒宫买了几双，回来到现在，一次没穿。）国际名牌，在国内卖的价钱，没有一个比美国的便宜。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　住：一线城市北京、上海、深圳，不多说了，大家都知道情况，1500尺的“高档”房子，位置稍好的，都得在200万人民币以上，请注意，这是个普遍现象，就是那成片成片的高楼的情况。租会便宜不少，装修很不错的，配置好各种设备，差不多一个月6500元，加上水电煤气1000块。所以如果我在北京、上海住一段时间的话，都是租房子。就是因为觉得房子的投资收益率不对。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　行：中国现在一年卖出1000万辆汽车。如果你愿意买个很普通的全国产车，US$10,000能搞定，不知道海归们会不会“掉价”开这种车。凯美瑞（国产 Camry）21万。如果想开个进口车，开个好的,BMW750Li，新车至少要160万。我04年买了个日本车，近50万人民币，在美国就是不到3万美元的普通轿车。现在在考虑弄辆06年的BMW750Li二手车，如果从美国进来的话，在美国 US$35,000，进来后折合至少US$70,000。所以你在中国看到开新750的，这种人的情况，跟在美国开750的，不太一样。（2006款 Dodge Viper SRT10，在美国大概不到US$60,000，我算了下，进到国内至少要US$120,000，想想还是算了）。最近还被忽悠着想参加摩托俱乐部，Harley Davidson的最低档833L，美国是8000美元，在中国裸价是85,000人民币，挂上牌子，北京要价105,000。上海仅仅是上牌子，一个车牌价比汽车牌贵5,000，目前行情大概是45,000人民币，一个摩托车的行驶许可的价格！可是，开Harley的话，833L实在是上不了台面的。汽油今天调价了，97#的应是6.5/升。高速公路统统收费，平原地区一般在0.5元/公里，云贵川地区0.6元。走高速，基本是油价过路费对半。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　食：在国内吃应该还便宜点。有人说，国内很便宜啊。我刚开始也是这么觉得，但是时间久了，那些很便宜的，就不想去了。去干净一点的地方，2个人，一般在 100~150元人民币，这个价钱，比美国要便宜些。我现在在贵阳避暑，自己做饭的话，鸡蛋5元/斤，青菜2~3元/斤，猪肉9元/斤，猪排骨（我喜欢自己烤）11元/斤，三文鱼180元/斤。国内一吃到好点的东西，如三文鱼、龙虾之类的，价格就跳上去。麦当劳，各位在美国都不稀罕的吧，国内Big Mac套餐基本是22元。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　环境：北京的空气，实在是糟糕。上海深圳的，也比美国的差得远。交通不要说了，我是上下班时间不出门，这个时间开车，很容易生气。我现在很向往美国的那种自由自在的环境，那种可以让人忘记烦恼的环境。中国有没有这种环境？我差不多每年有半年的时间开车在国内旅游，我个人的感觉---没有了。稍微好一点的景点，就圈起来收门票，地方上普通一些的，5、60元，有名的，2、300元，就这么收。如果在假期去，你就是去看那里面拥挤的大呼小叫的人群。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　很多在美国的人，安静得受不了了，想到国内的“热闹”就兴奋，想到国内的“小姐”就兴奋。这方面，因为国内女孩子出来找钱的多，国内是比美国便宜。但是，我讲句内心的话，不要把自己塑造成一个“逐臭之夫”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　国内的直接的人力便宜，喜欢让别人服侍的，在这方面的花销确实比美国低。我内心接受不了让人来服侍。你像那种人力滑竿，抬着你走的，我坐不上去。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　国内有友情吗？有真情吗？我的看法，还不别总觉得中国是个“礼仪之邦”了吧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　我现在国内的情况，不上班，北京、上海不定期住，两套房自用（国内省会城市），现金大概1,200万，每年产生不交税收入大概100~150万（如果去工作，收入不好说，也许能多个几十万或者更多）。这些东西，基本上是回来后弄的。我回国之前的情况跟在美国有稳定工作的人情况不同，当时身份黑掉了，想移民加拿大，后来跟太太商量，觉得在美国呆着也好，跑到加拿大再去闯也好，大的发展，很难闯出来，不如就回国拼一把。回国后，刚开始觉得一个月有个 8,000 到10,000的，就很好了，人的期望和标准，是慢慢高起来的。简单讲，我这些东西，都是回来后在中国股市上弄的。我想弄到3,000万目前人民币的购买力后（或者少些也行，目前不工作，压力小，计划一年后工作，压力就会大，但压力不大，弄不到钱），还是要到美国去生活。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　在怎么回国弄钱上，我的例子，不具有代表性，大部分人怎么个搞法，我也一头雾水，让我离开理财行业，我也赚不到什么钱，毕竟人家国内的稳定的人，都是年轻轻就这那里开始了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　只是越来越在心里感觉，中国不是个适宜生活的地方。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-6930286969461049076?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/6930286969461049076/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=6930286969461049076&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/6930286969461049076'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/6930286969461049076'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/07/blog-post.html' title='中国不宜 居'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-2295862566545509430</id><published>2009-07-27T18:37:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-07-27T18:38:16.740-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Medicare'/><title type='text'>Medicare 101</title><content type='html'>Monday, July 27, 2009&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medicare&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medicare turns 44 years old on Thursday. The government-managed health insurance program for seniors has also been much discussed during the recent health care reform debates. So, NBR thought it the right time to bring you a week of analysis of Medicare. Tonight, we begin with a look at the basics of the program. Learn more Medicare basics below.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;MEDICARE HISTORY&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    * 1965 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Social Security Amendments Act into law, creating both Medicare and its counterpart, Medicaid. Former President Harry Truman, who had proposed a national health insurance plan in 1945, became the first person to enroll in Medicare.&lt;br /&gt;    * 1972 - Medicare coverage is extended to people with permanent disabilities.&lt;br /&gt;    * 1976 - Medicare begins to offer HMO options to recipients.&lt;br /&gt;    * 1997 - The Medicare+Choice program (Medicare Advantage) is enacted. It is refined over the next three years.&lt;br /&gt;    * 2003 - President George W. Bush signs the Medicare Modernization Act into law, adding a prescription drug benefit to Medicare.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;MEDICARE BASICS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Who does it cover?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    * People 65 and older&lt;br /&gt;    * People younger than 65 with permanent disabilities&lt;br /&gt;    * A current total of about 45 million Americans&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;How is it structured?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    * PART A: Hospital insurance&lt;br /&gt;    * PART B: Supplementary Medical Insurance&lt;br /&gt;    * PART C: Medicare Advantage&lt;br /&gt;    * PART D: Prescription drug benefit&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;MEDICARE PART B PREMIUMS - Historical&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The following data was obtained from a September 14, 2004 report issued by the Congressional Research Service of The Library of Congress.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medicare Monthly Part B Premiums&lt;br /&gt;YEAR  &lt;br /&gt;PART B PREMIUM&lt;br /&gt;1966  &lt;br /&gt;$3.00&lt;br /&gt;1970  &lt;br /&gt;$5.30&lt;br /&gt;1974  &lt;br /&gt;$6.70&lt;br /&gt;1978  &lt;br /&gt;$8.20&lt;br /&gt;1982  &lt;br /&gt;$12.20&lt;br /&gt;1986  &lt;br /&gt;$15.50&lt;br /&gt;1990  &lt;br /&gt;$28.60&lt;br /&gt;1994  &lt;br /&gt;$41.10&lt;br /&gt;1998  &lt;br /&gt;$43.80&lt;br /&gt;2002  &lt;br /&gt;$54.00&lt;br /&gt;2005  &lt;br /&gt;$78.20&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;External Links/Articles*&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    * AARP&lt;br /&gt;      AARP is a nonprofit organization "dedicated to making life better for people 50 and over." This links to the "Insurance &amp; Medicare" section of the AARP website. The site includes links to guides called, "Get Started with Medicare" and "Choose the Right Medicare Plan for You."&lt;br /&gt;    * Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF)&lt;br /&gt;      KFF is "a non-profit, private operating foundation focusing on the major health care issues facing the U.S., as well as the U.S. role in global health policy." This links to the "Talking About Medicare: Your Guide to Understanding the Program, 2009" section of the foundation's website.&lt;br /&gt;    * Medicare.gov&lt;br /&gt;      Medicare.gove is the official U.S. government website offering information about Medicare, Medicare health plans, and more.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;      *Clicking these external links will take you off the NBR web site on PBS.org. NBR has no affiliation with these sites.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-2295862566545509430?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.pbs.org/nbr/site/research/learnmore/medicare_101_090727/' title='Medicare 101'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/2295862566545509430/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=2295862566545509430&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/2295862566545509430'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/2295862566545509430'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/07/medicare-101.html' title='Medicare 101'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-8351264458912372418</id><published>2009-06-22T07:34:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-06-22T07:35:44.848-05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='John Grisham'/><title type='text'>John Grisham marks 20th anniversary of 'A Time to Kill'</title><content type='html'>By Dennis Moore, USA TODAY&lt;br /&gt;HERNANDO, Miss — John Grisham's legal pad was blank and his knees like putty as he approached the judge's bench. Just a few months out of law school in the early 1980s, he had made every rookie mistake imaginable in his first murder trial and now had to give closing arguments.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The judge put his hand over the microphone and asked Grisham whether he needed to vomit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"I left for the restroom, and I did what I had to do. And I came back and I apologized to the jury for just being there, for even going to law school," Grisham says with the humor that comes from hindsight.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But he won the case.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Earlier this month, Grisham, 54, approached that same bench for the first time in about 20 years with considerably more confidence, no longer a practicing attorney but one of the best-known writers of popular fiction. More than 245 million copies of Grisham's 22 books — most of them legal thrillers — are in print, translated into 29 languages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Grisham appreciates his success rather than boasts about it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"It feels like another lifetime," he says softly, with a hint of wonder, as he scans the judge's bench and jury box in the DeSoto County Courthouse in Hernando, south of Memphis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Grisham did more than try cases in this building. He set the course for his new life.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"If I had 30 minutes to an hour, I would sneak up to the old law library, hide behind the law books and write A Time to Kill," he says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It has been two decades since the publication of A Time to Kill, Grisham's first novel. On Tuesday, Dell will release a 20th-anniversary edition (655 pp., $9.99, paperback), with a new introduction by the author.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His second book, The Firm, made him a star in 1991, but A Time to Kill remains his favorite legal thriller. It took three years to write and two years to get published.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And in this anniversary year, Grisham returns to A Time to Kill's fictional Mississippi setting in Ford County Stories, which will be published this fall.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The back story of Grisham's success — essentially the story of how A Time to Kill was written and sold — takes almost as many surprising, though not deadly, turns as the plots of his books.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Grisham described himself as a "street lawyer," representing people, not banks, insurance companies or corporations for 10 years. He also served in the Mississippi state Legislature. But halfway through his legal career, he was dreaming of a way out.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"When I started writing in the fall of '84, I had no idea what I was doing, but I was motivated for all of the right reasons," he says. "I had a story to tell and I wanted to see whether I could tell it."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In many ways, A Time to Kill is autobiographical fiction. Grisham and Jake Brigance, the lead character, were the same age, 32, graduated from the University of Mississippi Law School in Oxford and lived in small towns — Grisham in Northwest Mississippi's Southaven and Jake in fictional Clanton. Neither made much money to support a pretty wife and young child.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Based on a true impulse&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The trial that inspired A Time to Kill— a 12-year-old girl had been raped — was conducted in the DeSoto County courtroom where Grisham so often worked. In the book, 10-year-old Tonya is tied between a tree and a fence post, beaten and raped by two drunk rednecks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The real girl's testimony was "gut-wrenching," recalls Grisham, who was in the courtroom but not working on the trial. "I had tears in my eyes."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When she could continue no longer and the judge called recess, Grisham bolted down the back way out of the courthouse.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When he realized he had left his briefcase behind, he walked back up the stairs. No one saw him.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The only people in the courtroom were the defendant and a deputy 10 feet away from him.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"When I walked by the defendant, I was overcome with this thought that had this been my daughter, being as emotionally charged as I was and if I had a gun, I could have done it right there. Gotten my retribution."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In A Time to Kill, Tonya's father, Carl Lee, gets his retribution, and Jake suffers atrocious consequences for defending him.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"With time and clear-headedness, I'm sure I would not have" shot the accused, Grisham says. "I would have the good sense to let the system deal with it."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When Grisham finished his first chapter, which details the fictional rape, he asked his wife, Renee, to read it. "She always knows what works," he says. And she read and critiqued chapters as they were written.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bill Ballard, a close friend and attorney in Hernando, was the second person to read the manuscript.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Over the years, the men had bonded over books. They would slip away on Friday afternoons — instructing their secretaries to tell people they were in depositions — and drive about 60 miles to Oxford's famed Square Books.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"When John told me that he was working on a book, I figured he wouldn't write a bad one," Ballard says. "He analyzed how best sellers were constructed, plot development, at what time readers would be engaged, at what time they would put the book down."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When Grisham finished A Time to Kill in January 1987, it was a stack of legal pads. When typed, the manuscript was 900 pages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first chapters went out to a couple dozen publishers and agents. The rejections stacked up.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That April 15, after Grisham returned from his accountant frustrated, broke and about to borrow money to pay his taxes, agent Jay Garon called wanting to represent him.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wynwood Press, a small company in New York, bought the manuscript a year later and printed 5,000 copies of A Time to Kill — at a length about a third shorter than the original manuscript — in June 1989. Grisham ordered 1,000 himself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wynwood didn't have marketing muscle, so Grisham concocted his own book tour.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"I had this scheme where I would throw a party in my local library and the whole town would show up and I would sell a lot. I have pictures of kids climbing on stacks of A Time to Kill." But when the party was over, he still owned most of the copies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Only briefly thwarted, he decided to make similar stops all over the state. Places such as Starkville, Coffeeville and Calhoun City. Friends of the library would make punch and cookies; Grisham would answer questions. About three months and 30 libraries later, he finally sold all of his copies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His first official book party was on Ballard's porch in Hernando. "Most people around here didn't know a published writer, and they were proud of him," Ballard says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Some had a glass of wine, fumbled around with the books and left. They didn't want to drop $16.95 for a book that's worth a couple of thousand now. But the people who did buy one" — 44 copies were sold, he recalls — "are quick to tell you they did."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Then Grisham set his sights on Square Books.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"He wanted to do a book signing. I explained how we typically try to sell," says store owner Richard Howorth. "Our staff has to develop an enthusiasm, and no one had even read the book."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The next day, Grisham gave Howorth a manuscript. "I thought, 'Oh, brother.' But I took it home that night and was still up at 2 in the morning absolutely absorbed in the story."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About 50 books sold at the signing, a good showing, he says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While selling his first book, Grisham finished writing another, The Firm, at his desk wedged between the washer and the dryer in the laundry room.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Grishams — who have a son, Ty, and daughter, Shea — moved to Oxford from Southaven in 1990, and John kept his law office open until year's end.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Grisham got what he calls the luckiest break in his career when, unbeknownst to him, a copy of The Firm's manuscript surfaced in Hollywood in late 1989. Paramount bought the film rights; two weeks later, Doubleday, a major New York publishing house, bought the book and published it in 1991.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Having The Firm, The Pelican Brief and The Client topping best-seller lists in consecutive years certainly raised his profile around town, but the release of the movie adaptations added a blockbuster layer of attention.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"People from anywhere would start driving up to their house," Howorth says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We are extremely private, and we really got sort of ambushed by the notoriety," Grisham says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The Deep South has the friendliest people in the world. They will do anything for you. They also want to know what's going on and won't hesitate to ask questions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"It has been said that we were run out of town. We were not."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Howorth, now mayor of Oxford, explains the effect of Grisham's success: "John is gregarious and makes friends easily. When they moved here, he and Renee got involved in PTA, their church. And those people were supportive.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"But inevitably when a person begins to gain fame and monetary success, the same people who hosted him for library teas or ladies' book clubs wanted him to come to their sister-in-law's book club in Memphis or speak to the Rotary Club in Tupelo. He tried to oblige everyone."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Getting some distance&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1994, the Grishams did sneak away to the countryside outside Charlottesville, Va. They intended to stay a year. It has stretched to 15. But they maintain their home outside Oxford and visit frequently.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And Grisham returns to Square Books with each new book.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"I said, 'John, you don't need to do this. You've more than repaid any debt you think you had to us,' " says Howorth. "But he continues, I think out of loyalty."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ford County Stories, Grisham's first extended return to Clanton since The Last Juror (2004), was not planned as part of the 20th anniversary of A Time to Kill.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"I am not that calculating," Grisham says. "But the stories were piling up."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He had worked on one for 20 years, he says. He started writing another only a month ago. A couple of the stories are about lawyers in particular; another is about an execution. But only one character reappears from A Time to Kill, Jake's slovenly, acerbic, ethically challenged but steadfast friend Harry Rex Vonner.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Grisham's next novel is scheduled for publication in November 2010. He'll start writing at the beginning of the year.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"He knows the last page of the book when he starts writing the first one," says Ballard.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"All of my books are designed to be entertaining," Grisham says. "The pages are supposed to fly by."&lt;br /&gt;Share this story:&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-8351264458912372418?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/8351264458912372418/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=8351264458912372418&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/8351264458912372418'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/8351264458912372418'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/06/john-grisham-marks-20th-anniversary-of.html' title='John Grisham marks 20th anniversary of &apos;A Time to Kill&apos;'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-373167937587800423</id><published>2009-06-01T13:47:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2009-06-01T13:47:54.343-05:00</updated><title type='text'>10 great places to behold Frank Lloyd Wright's vision</title><content type='html'>Frank Lloyd Wright, who is considered America's greatest architect, defied gravity and building codes in his quest for harmony with nature. A new show at the spiral-shaped Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum he designed in New York City celebrates the building's 50th anniversary (May 15-Aug. 23). Victor Sidy, dean of the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture (franklloydwrightfoundation.org), shares his list of other great buildings to visit with Kathy Baruffi for USA TODAY.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hollyhock House&lt;br /&gt;Los Angeles&lt;br /&gt;"This house, built in the '20s for an oil heiress with a passion of the arts, is beautifully sited in an olive grove on a hill overlooking Hollywood." Sidy says. Known for blurring the lines between the indoors and outdoors, Wright even used the roof of this 6,000-square-foot house as living space, embracing the ocean views and the Southern California climate. 323-644-6269;hollyhockhouse.net&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Price Tower&lt;br /&gt;Bartlesville, Okla.&lt;br /&gt;"I had the delight of staying in one of the rooms at the Inn at Price Tower here," Sidy says of this multiuse skyscraper where seven floors are now dedicated to hotel space. "It's one of the best experiences of a FLW building you can get." Visit the Philips Petroleum Company Museum, oil baron mansions and the symphony in this town less than an hour from Tulsa. 918-336-4949; Pricetower.org&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Taliesin West&lt;br /&gt;Scottsdale, Ariz.&lt;br /&gt;"This is my personal favorite," says Sidy, who works there. "It's the perfect counter-example of the evils of suburban sprawl and our lack of sensitivity to the environment." In addition to being an experimental laboratory (he tested new materials and methods on his own buildings), this was the headquarters of Wright's innovative architecture school as well as his winter home. 480-860-2700; Franklloydwright.org&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pope-Leighey House&lt;br /&gt;Alexandria, Va.&lt;br /&gt;"The idea Wright was after with the Usonian projects was to provide something affordable for the common man," Sidy says of this and the many other Usonian homes built for middle-income families. "Later in his life, he felt that architecture needed to address the ideas of democracy." The site, formerly part of Mount Vernon, also has Woodlawn Plantation, a home built for Martha Washington's granddaughter. Visit both with a combined ticket. 703-780-4000; popeleighey1940.org&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Darwin Martin House&lt;br /&gt;Buffalo&lt;br /&gt;"This is an incredibly pure example of his early work," Sidy says. "The great thing about Buffalo is it also has examples of Louis Sullivan's work, the architect with whom Wright apprenticed and worked." In addition to six Wright buildings at the site, a glass visitor's pavilion recently opened. Buffalo has a thriving arts, music and dining scene; combine your visit a trip to nearby Niagara Falls. 716-856-3858; Darwinmartinhouse.org&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Johnson Wax Buildings&lt;br /&gt;Racine, Wis.&lt;br /&gt;"Wright was fascinated by the quality of light in a forest," Sidy says. "When you walk into the Administration Building here, with its slender columns, you have the same dappled light as in a forest. It's remarkable for its structural expressiveness." Tours are free and include the Wright-designed Golden Rondelle Theater as well as the Research Tower. 262-260-2154; racinecounty.com/golden&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beth Sholom Synagogue&lt;br /&gt;Elkins Park, Pa.&lt;br /&gt;"Wright designed buildings for every type of religion," Sidy says. "Later in his life he embraced all religions as having nature as their source. Light is the real key in this building. The entire roof is translucent during the day, and at night it has a beautiful, lantern-like glow." Stay in nearby Philadelphia, as Wright did, and visit the Barnes Foundation in Merion. Reservations necessary. 215-887-1342; bethsholomcongregation.org&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fallingwater&lt;br /&gt;Mill Run, Pa.&lt;br /&gt;"This was Wright's coming back out party after everyone thought he was a has-been," Sidy says. "He had a remarkable career, then the Depression came and his career dipped. More than any of his other buildings, this represents the perfect balance between man and nature." An iconic structure, complete with waterfall, it's fixed in our collective imaginations. Book reservations to see Kentuck Knob, another Wright house, 15 minutes away. 724-329-8501; fallingwater.org&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Taliesin&lt;br /&gt;Spring Green, Wis.&lt;br /&gt;"This was his ancestral home, where his maternal grandparents settled," Sidy says. "It is where he worked on the farm as a boy and where his first architectural commission was realized, a school building for his aunts. Later, he founded his architecture school here before starting Taliesin West." There are a number of remarkable structures on this campus, including his drafting studio where some of his most important work was created. 877-588-7900; taliesinpreservation.org&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Frank Lloyd Wright Home &amp; Studio&lt;br /&gt;Oak Park, Ill.&lt;br /&gt;"This offers a window into FLW's early work and life," Sidy says. It is in this studio that Wright found his own niche and designed the Robie House, the quintessential Prairie-style house. Many of his commissions were in Oak Park. Walking tours are available in the area, now a historic district. The Cheney house, the subject of Loving Frank, is in the same neighborhood. 708-848-1976; Gowright.org&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-373167937587800423?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/373167937587800423/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=373167937587800423&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/373167937587800423'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/373167937587800423'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/06/10-great-places-to-behold-frank-lloyd.html' title='10 great places to behold Frank Lloyd Wright&apos;s vision'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-2072757825418711909</id><published>2009-05-03T09:09:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-05-03T09:10:10.486-05:00</updated><title type='text'>“六·四”事件民间白皮书</title><content type='html'>　前言&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　《“六·四”事件民间白皮书》由“纪念1989年民主运动暨‘六四’惨案20周年活动第一批联络人”发起并由李进进法学博士完成写作，胡平（思想家、哲学和政论作家），严家其（政治学家，前中国社科院政治学所所长），王军涛（美国哥伦比亚大学政治学博士），王丹（美国哈佛大学历史学博士），杨建利（加州伯克利大学数学博士和哈佛大学政治经济学博士），徐文立（中国民主党创始人之一，美国布朗大学资深研究员），陈破空（政论家和作家），王天成（宪法研究专家，前北京大学法律系讲师），以及刘路，易改，张菁参与了讨论或提供了修改意见。支持写作的还有以下组织和个人：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中国宪政协进会&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;公民力量&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;关注中国中心&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“六四事件”调查委员会&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;《北京之春》杂志社&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;纪念胡耀邦赵紫阳基金会&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中国民主团结同盟&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中国社会民主党&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中国民主论坛(纽约)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中国工人自治联合会(纽约)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;澳大利亚悉尼中国民主平台&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;纽约天安门基金会&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　万润南、王书君、王传忠、王超华、方能达﹑孔天乐、孔灵犀、叶宁、冯海光、吕京花、朱学渊、刘刚、刘念春、刘俊国、羊子（冯素英）、孙立勇、孙延、苏晓康、吾尔开希、李兰菊、杨而玉、李恒清、吴仁华、何军樵、何清涟、沈源、宋书元、张伟国、张伦、陈一咨、陈二幼、陈小平、陈立群、陈奎德、武春来、金岩、周义澄(亚衣)、周锋锁、郑义、郑存柱、孟浪、项小吉、袁缤、高文谦、高平、高光俊、唐元隽、陶君、梅凤杰、盛雪、康正果、程晓农、傅申平、傅申奇、储海蓝、曾大军、谢中之、谢选骏、熊炎、潘强、魏泉宝。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　这个白皮书是基于现披露出来的官方社论﹑公告和报告，当事人的回忆录和文章，报纸报道以及音像等史料对“六·四”这个重要的历史事件做出的一个完整的政治背景和法律分析的报告。目前中国政府对“六·四”事件没有作出全面的调查和客观的评价，迄今未见类似白皮书之类的调查报告。中国政府长期以来封锁有关“六·四”资料和禁止民间对此事件的调查和讨论。作为民间的力量，我们提出这个民间的白皮书，一方面是对历史的负责，另一方面也是对中国现政府的抗议和挑战。这个报告以白皮书命名，旨在强调它的严谨﹑正式和规范性，以及阅读对象的普遍性。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;纪念“六四”事件委员会2009年4月27日&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　一、引言&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　有五千年文明的中国在二十世纪走向现代化的过程中，最让世界关注的是一个年轻的中国人在1989年6月4日以血肉之躯只身阻挡针对平民的军队坦克。 1989年6月3日中国当局命令全副武装的军队强行进驻北京和占领天安门广场，在此过程中军人们受命向非武装的北京市民和学生开枪，导致了大量伤亡。那一刻环绕着地球的是这样的声音：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　这里是北京国际广播电台。请记住一九八九年六月三日这一天，在中国的首都北京发生了最骇人听闻的悲剧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　成千上万的群众，其中大多是无辜的市民，被强行入城的全副武装的士兵杀害。遇害的同胞也包括我们国际广播电台的工作人员。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　士兵驾驶着坦克战车，用机关枪向无数试图阻拦战车的市民和学生扫射。即使在坦克打开通路后，士兵们仍继续不分青红皂白地向街上的人群开枪射击。目击者说有些装甲车甚至辗死那些面对反抗的群众而犹豫不前的步兵。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　北京国际电台英语部深深地哀悼在这次悲剧中死难的人们，并且向我们所有的听众呼吁：和我们一起来谴责这种无耻地践踏人权及最野蛮的镇压人民的行径。1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　这是中国当局自己的电台播出的新闻，是其编辑根据他在上班的路上目睹的情况所写出的报道。新闻播出后不久，即1989年6月4日的凌晨左右，中国人民解放军已经强行占领了北京天安门广场。天安门广场上手无寸铁的学生们在军人枪口的押送下，撤出天安门广场。这就是让世人震惊的1989年“六·四”大屠杀事件。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　有关中国军队向平民开枪造成大量伤亡的报道，以后不断有录像﹑照片和当事人的回忆证实。中国官方也从未否定军队动用了武力并造成了大量的平民的伤亡。但是他们说这是“平息反革命暴乱”。多年后，中国当局一方面避忌提起“暴乱”和“平暴”而讳称是一场“政治风波”2，另一方面坚持说 1989年发生了否定共产党的“政治动乱”和“反革命暴乱”，声称“平息动乱和反革命暴乱的胜利，巩固了我国的社会主义阵地和十年改革开放的成果，也给党和人民提供了有益的经验教训”。3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　中国政府在屠杀后的立场使“六·四”屠杀真相没有全部披露出来。同时，所有受难者至今仍然被官方称为“暴徒”，他们的在天之灵至今得不到安抚，受伤者包括那被坦克辗断双腿的体院学生方政等，今天仍然没有得到赔偿和补偿。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　二十年来，中国当局在国内封锁对“六·四”屠杀的报道和讨论，使得许多年轻的一代人不知道这个震惊世界的历史事件，让经历过来的人忘却这个事件。有位年轻的报社员工居然以为“六·四”是一次矿难。4&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　我们不能忘却，我们必须厘清被屠夫们搞模糊的历史真相，我们必须看清历史事件的性质。为了那些死难者的灵魂得到慰籍，为了避免这种反人性的屠杀事件再度发生，为了中国人民享受更多的自由和民主权利，本白皮书将根据当时中国国内报章和电台﹑电视台的报道和20年来不断披露出来的回忆录和采访文章等，根据中国当时的宪法和法律，根据人们心中的正义观，来分析和解答当时发生了一场什么样的运动，北京到底有没有发生“政治动乱”和“反革命暴乱”，对北京市的戒严是否违法，中国人民解放军的“平暴”是不是屠杀，以及“六·四”事件对世界的影响和我们的历史反思。最后，我们提出“八九”民运没有完成的诉求。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　二、事件的经过&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1989年春夏之交，中国的北京和其他主要城市爆发了以学生为先导的人民请愿活动即“八九”爱国民主运动。中国政府动用约20万人的军队强行推进北京，镇压了那场爱国民主运动，造成了约上万平民的伤亡。这就是“六·四”屠杀。以下是这个事件的主要过程。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“八九”民主运动爆发的背景简介&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　给中国带来深重灾难的文化大革命在七十年代末毛泽东去世和“四人帮”垮台后结束了。文化大革命给中国人带来两大反思和诉求，一是要求人身和思想的自由，提出了建立“社会主义民主和法治”要求，另一是要脱贫，提出了实现四个现代化口号。1978年5月以“关于真理标准问题”的讨论开始的思想解放运动，代表了第一种反思。但是这个思想解放运动在完成了对文革冤假错案平反的任务﹑在邓小平复出并全面掌握国家政治权力后就开始受到压制，作为官方支持的思想解放运动就基本停止了。但是，人民继续在反思，故出现了西单民主墙和北京高校的竞选人民代表的活动，也称之为北京之春运动。中共当局在文革结束后不到4年的时间里就镇压了西单民主墙。人们畏惧和痛恨的反革命罪这条鞭子又开始在人民头上挥舞。1980年，邓小平提出了“四项基本原则”以桎梏人们的思想；1983年中共当局进行“清除精神污染”运动，1987年初开始“反对资产阶级自由化”运动。人民的思想和言论自由受到进一步的压制。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　邓小平的以经济建设为中心的思想，其出发点是为了摆脱文革式政治，不搞政治运动。但是，这个指导思想是以不挑战中共的权威为前提和牺牲人民民主和自由权利为代价的。这个指导思想意图取缔意识形态上的各种争论。总之它是一个只搞经济体制改革，不搞政治体制改革的跛脚的改革思路。然而，进行经济建设和“不搞政治运动 ”本身就是政治。如何实现现代化本身摆脱不了意识形态的争论。思想和政治权利上的长期压制使得人民寻找释放的机会，挑战权威。当经济改革带来利益重新瓜分并导致分配不公的时候，当各种社会矛盾加剧的时候，人民必然挑战中国共产党的权威，邓小平不愿意见到的政治必然要浮上社会台面。1988年政府开始的物价闯关失败后导致高通货膨胀产生了大规模的民怨。社会分配不公和政府官员的“官倒”即腐败问题使社会矛盾加剧。这种民怨和反“官倒”是八九年学潮的社会基础。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　热血爱国青年感受到了那种思想上的压制和民怨，于是1986年底爆发了全国各大城市的争自由要民主的学潮。以邓小平为首的中共实权派以传统的内部高压方式将学潮压下去了。他们逼迫时任中共中央总书记的胡耀邦辞职，开除方励之﹑王若望﹑和刘滨雁等几位“资产阶级自由化”领头人物的党籍和职务，5并且发动了一场“反对资产阶级自由化”的运动。可是学生们仍然在压抑当中。他们渴望着自由，期待着政治民主化。因为胡耀邦是在86年的学潮中下台的，他在1989年4月15日去世自然成为大学生们释放政治上的压抑和呼唤民主自由的一个历史契机。一场以悼念胡耀邦而开始的学潮发展成了一个震惊世界的人民请愿运动，同时世界人民也目睹了共产党屠杀的行径。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　胡耀邦去世到“4.26”社论（4月15日--4月25日）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1989年民主运动起始于大学生们对前中共总书记胡耀邦去世的悼念活动。1 9 8 9年4月1 5日，胡耀邦去世后的几个小时之内，北京大学和其他的大学的学生们通过大小字报表达了对胡耀邦的悼念，也表达了对中国政治的不满和对中国领导人的批评。其中流传最广的一个大字报写的是“该走的没有走，不该走的却走了，”明显将矛头指向邓小平。4月17日夜北京大学和其他几所大学拥着“中国魂”的特大横幅走向北京天安门广场。4月18日他们向全国人民代表大会常务委员会提出了“七条”请愿书，内容如下：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.公正评价胡耀邦的政绩，肯定民主自由的宽松的政治环境；&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.彻底否定“清除精神污染”与“反自由化”运动，并为这次运动中蒙受不白之冤的人平反；&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.要求党和国家领导人及其子女向全国人民公布其财产状况；&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.允许民办报纸，开放报禁，制定新闻法；&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5.增加教育经费，提高知识分子的待遇；&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.取消北京人大常委会违反宪法而制定的限制游行的“十条”；&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7.对此次活动作出公开的报道，见诸党政机关报。6&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　以上七条是1989年民主运动的基本政治主张，归纳起来为两个请愿诉求：一是要求自由和宽松的政治环境；二是反对腐败,即当时最响亮的口号“反官倒”。其中没有提出任何选举在内的民主要求，没有要求更换政府，更谈不上推翻一个政府。当日学生们经过十多个小时的静坐后，作为全国人民代表的体育播音员宋世雄，全国青联主席刘延东和北京市教育局局长曹西平出来接受了“七条”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　当晚约8时左右，静坐的学生解散，但是静坐外围的学生拉着“中国魂”的横幅到了中共中央和中央政府所在的“新华门”前示威。这就发生了“4.19”和“4.20”所谓的“冲击新华门”事件。在这个事件当中，中央的有关报道强调“有人喊‘打倒共产党’的口号”。因为大多数学生当时没有这种政治诉求，这种报道激化了学生的情绪。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　4月20日后，北京的几所主要大学开始组织学生自治会。中共中央决定在4月22日在人民大会堂举行“胡耀邦追悼大会”。当得知北京当局将封闭天安门广场不让学生到天安门参加追悼大会后，北京主要大学的自治组织决定进驻天安门广场集体参加“胡耀邦的追悼大会”。4月21日晚，各大学的学生突破封锁，凯旋般的进驻了天安门。中共中央在学生们已经进驻天安门广场的情况下决定允许同学们在广场聆听追悼大会。大会结束后，几位学生代表在人民大会堂台阶上“跪递”他们的请愿书，结果中国当局不予理睬。这件事情后，学生开始了罢课。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　与此同时，上海，天津，西安，长沙，广州，武汉等外地的高校也出现各种大字报，声援北京的学生，提出了和北京的大学生们同样的要求。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　胡耀邦去世后，上海的《世界经济导报》和戈扬主编的《新观察》4月19日在北京联合举办悼念胡耀邦的座谈会。《世界经济导报》整理成3万字的长篇报道，并在第“四三九”期用整整五大版刊印了这篇报道。在尚未发行之前，以江泽民为首的上海市委要求该报总编辑钦本立删改其中关于一些敏感的文字，遭到钦本立的拒绝。钦本利顶住压力，坚持发行原版。于是上海市委决定要求收回发出的报纸，但是只收回16万份中的2万份。7后来，上海市委在邓小平“4.25”讲话的当晚，决定整顿导报，总编辑钦本立停职。这个事件导致了新闻从业人员和知识分子走上街头，要求新闻自由。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“4.26”社论到“5.13”绝食前夕（4月26日--5月12日）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　4月25日中共中央在北京主要学校和有关部门口头传达了邓小平的讲话，指出中国发生了政治动乱，要加强“人民民主专政”，即镇压。8&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　4月26日人民日报社根据邓小平的讲话，发表了《旗帜鲜明地反对动乱》的社论。社论指出极少数人“打着民主的旗号破坏民主法制，其目的是要搞散人心，捣乱全国，破坏安定团结的政治局面。这是一场有计划的阴谋，是一次动乱。”这个社论是1989年运动的转折点。尽管社论说是“极少数人”，但是学生们认为那只是文字游戏，他们认为社论就是否定学生们的政治诉求，矛头就是指向全体学生。他们说“我们没有搞动乱”。于是他们没有屈服，再次走上街头。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　4月27日发生了1989年学潮的第一次最大规模的游行，游行表达的是反对“4.26”社论，学生们坚持认为他们的行为是爱国行为，不是动乱。游行的前夜校园内外格外紧张，有消息传出来当局会派军队镇压，各派力量都在较量。可是学生们还是冲出了校园，走上了街头。游行得到了北京市市民的热烈支持。他们高喊“大学生万岁”并且送来了面包和水。当时最吸引人的口号是“妈妈，我们没有错”。9有的学生的母亲也到游行队伍，母女拥抱着，享受着那自由的一刻。事前布置的军警在北京市民和学生面前，显得苍白无力。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“4 .27”大游行迫使政府有关当局开始和学生对话。政府在对话中没有表示出诚意。5月4日中共中央总书记赵紫阳在接见亚洲开发银行理事会第22届年会的代表团团长和高级官员讲话时，要求在“冷静﹑理智﹑克制﹑秩序﹑和在民主和法制的轨道上解决问题”。10赵讲话后，学生们宣布复课。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　由于政府和学生的对话没有取得实质性进展，中央没有改变“动乱”的定性，政府对学生们的政治诉求也没有诚意予以接受，5月13日，在前苏联总统戈尔巴乔夫来访前一天，以北京大学为首的学生开始了在天安门广场绝食。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“5.13”绝食到宣布戒严（5月13日--5月19日）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　1989年5月13日是一个悲壮和值得记忆日子。那天北京的大学生们开始了绝食。同学们头戴白巾用红笔书写着各种誓言。他们从北京大学南门出发。北大南门上巨大的白色横幅写着“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去盼复还。”大学生的绝食宣言写到：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“我们最纯洁的爱国感情，我们最优秀的赤子心灵，却被说成是“动乱”，说成是“别有用心”，说成是“受一小撮人的利用”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“我们不想死，我们想好好地活着，因为我们正是人生最美好之年龄；我们不想死，我们想好好学习，祖国还是这样的贫穷，我们似乎留下祖国就这样去死，&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　死亡决不是我们的追求。但是如果一个人的死或一些人的死，能够使更多的人活得更好，能够使祖国繁荣昌盛，我们就没有权利去偷生”。11&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　学生们的绝食诉求也很简单：（1）要求政府迅速与学生举行实质性的真诚对话，（2）要求政府承认他们没有搞动乱而是在进行一场爱国的民主运动。绝食由“绝食团指挥部”领导。12&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　5月15日北京发生了声援学生们的大游行，舆论逐渐同情学生。中央电视台开始转播天安门广场的情况，人民日报也不断报道。之后北京市民包括警察和军事院校的学生都走上街头，声援学生，要求政府认真对话。人民日报和中央电视台曾报道那几天北京每天有上百万人走上街头。此时，声援北京学生运动已经波及到全国。许多大城市的学生和市民都走上了街头，他们也在当地的政府门前请愿并开始和当地政府领导对话。外地的学生还赶到北京参加绝食和声援绝食，并且组建了“ 外地高校学生自治联合会”，简称“外高联”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　5月19日凌晨，中国的第一个自治工会宣布在北京成立。他们在其成立宣言中，要求中共中央国务院必须在廿四小时之内无条件接受绝食同学的两点要求。否则，工人们将从5月20日中午12时开始，全市工人总罢工24小时，并根据事态的发展决定下一步的行动。但除了一个工厂响应罢工外，北京没有发生全市性的罢工活动，原因是政府颁布了戒严令。13&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　5月19日晚，中国当局决定在 5月20日对北京部分地区实行戒严。戒严令以国务院的名义发布，国务院总理李鹏签署，并派解放军执行戒严，同时成立了“解放军戒严指挥部”。当时的中共中央总书记赵紫阳因为反对戒严未出席“戒严”大会。在此之前，也就是在5月19日凌晨，他看望了广场上绝食的学生并且极富同情地用扩音喇叭对学生喊了话。赵之后就被软禁，未经任何法律程序，被剥夺自由，直到他在2005年1月去世。这一切都说明，当局无意采纳赵紫阳提出的在“冷静﹑理智﹑克制﹑秩序﹑和在民主和法制的轨道上解决问题”的方法解决政治纠纷，没有诚意对话。他们一意孤行，要用国家的暴力来解决人民的和平请愿。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　戒严到屠杀（5月20日--6月3日）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　在5月19日晚宣布戒严后，从四月底就被调动的解放军14开始开往北京城执行戒严，说是“维护首都治安，恢复正常秩序。决不是对付学生的”。15可是北京的学生和市民们不相信他们，于是开始了一场反对戒严的活动。古都北京百年来经历了无数反抗政府的活动，见证了几个政府的更迭，但是没有一个政府命令军队进城镇压学生运动。北京市的妇女、老人、工人、政府官员、甚至有些警察，他们来到戒严的军车面前，劝说着满脸稚气的解放军“娃娃”，让他们撤军。军人们犹豫了。有些将军们也开始反对戒严。戒严中，北京各界人士继续走上了街头声援学生。天安门广场上成了“首都各界爱国维宪联席会议”。同时，戒严也吸引了世界各国政府和人民的目光。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　世界华人也以不同的形式和规模的活动声援学生。5月28日发生了全球华人大游行。香港市民参与的规模最大，在 600万人口的香港，有一百多万人参加了大游行。5月30日，由中央美术学院和其他几所院校的学生赶制的“民主女神像”耸立在天安门广场。刘晓波、周舵﹑ 侯德建和高新即“天安门四君子”于6月2日发起《六二绝食宣言》，声言绝食72小时，呼吁知识分子“以行动抗议军管”，并提出“我们没有敌人，不要用仇恨和暴力毒化我们的智慧和中国的民主进程”。16&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　以严家其为首的学者们同时要求全国人民代表大会常务委员会讨论决定戒严的合法性和合理性。全国人大常委会下次开会的时间是6月20日。包括57名（后有4名代表撤出）人大常委会委员签名的公开信要求召开全国人大常委会特别会议。他们要求国家的最高权力机关讨论“罢免李鹏总理”和“取消戒严”的议题，要求当权者按照宪法的规定和法律的程序来解决政治问题。学生们没有撤离广场，期待着人民的代表讨论和决定国家的命运。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　军队在各种反对的声音下，在北京郊区停滞不前。本来，这是个让冲突各方和中共党内高层各个派别协商解决国内的政治危机的最好机会。可是，面对人民改革的呼声，特别是面对人民要求通过“全国人民代表大会”来解决政治纷争的要求，时任国家和中共中央军事委员会主席的邓小平及其追随者害怕“橡皮图章”的民意机构变成一个真的民意机构而摆脱了他们的控制，于是决定用武力来结束非暴力的和平集会和示威。这就导致了天安门 “六·四”屠杀。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“六·四”大屠杀（6月3日--4日）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　在6月3日晚十时，学生们还在天安门广场举行《民主大学》开学典礼的时候，约20万人的戒严部队在坦克车的引导下已经分兵进军广场。17据资料披露,当局在6月3日下午4时决定不惜一切代价强行进军北京市区，占领天安门广场，驱赶学生，进行所谓的“天安门清场”，并命令军队务必在6月4日早6时前完成清场任务。18当晚6时30分，中央电视台新闻联播播放戒严部队紧急通告，宣布“戒严部队、公安干警和武警部队有权采取一切手段强行处置，一切后果由组织者肇事者负责。”19以下是“维基百科全书”关于6月3 日晚到6月4日发生的屠杀情况：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　晚上10时后，天安门与长安街的形势急转直下。军队入城后遭到市民阻挠，军队开枪，其中木樨地是死伤最多的焦点。该处聚集数千人，部分人用碎砖头砸打（戒严部队），军队立即一排排冲上大桥，边喊着“人不犯我，我不犯人；人若犯我，我必犯人”的口号，边向投石头的市民开枪。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　从这时起，军队时而向天开枪，时而对（着）人群扫射，有人中弹倒下。民众不断向后退，高喊：“法西斯！流氓政府！杀人犯！”军队用冲锋枪向骂声扫射，约百名学生和市民倒在血泊中，大部分立刻被送往旁边的复兴医院。复兴门外大街两旁的市民从自家窗户上探出头来痛骂，也有人从窗口上往马路上投东西，军队开枪还击，从木樨地到全国总工会约五百米左右的路段，两旁建筑物都被打得火星四溅，其中22号楼、24号楼两幢部长楼有 3人在楼上被子弹打死，当中据报包括人大法律委员会副主任委员宋汝尊的女婿。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　根据BBC记者现场报道，解放军从卡车上不分目标的向人群射击；在天安门广场的一次扫射中，她自己被尸体绊倒，几码之外被当场射杀的还有两人，重伤倒地不起的两人；之前北京某儿童医院20分钟内送来40多名遭枪击的重伤者，其中包括妇女和老人，不少人是在自己家中中弹，其中有两人已死亡。有说一些死者遗体被戒严部队埋在各处，但说法并未得到证实，但一些录像却显示解放军直接在长安大街向市民开枪。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　广场上的学生虽然知道镇压开始，但以为军人只用橡胶子弹和催泪弹，最多是被军人押走。此时不断有人跑入广场紧急报信，说明军队荷枪实弹扫射示威者，广场陷入惊恐。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　凌晨1时，天安门以西约四公里的复兴门传出枪声，军队向堵塞他们的群众开枪，最少逾30人死亡，200多人受伤，复兴门外医院接收大量死伤者。1时30分，北京市政府和戒严部队发出《紧急通告》，内容说：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　“首都今晚发生了严重的反革命暴乱。暴徒们猖狂袭击解放军指战员，抢军火，烧军车，设路障，绑架解放军官兵，妄图颠覆中华人民共和国，推翻社会主义制度。人民解放军多日来保持了高度克制，现在必须坚决反击反革命暴乱。首都公民要遵守戒严令规定，并同解放军密切配合，坚决捍卫宪法，保卫伟大的社会主义祖国和首都的安全。凡在天安门广场的公民和学生，应立即离开，以保证戒严部队执行任务。凡不听劝告的，将无法保证其安全，一切后果完全由自己负责。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　中国官方资料称，《通告》内容广播后，至凌晨2时，几十万人的广场只剩下数千名学生和市民。凌晨2时20分，军队开进广场，施放催泪弹，部队从广场南面的前门向中央推进，沿途向高空发射照明弹，群众向天安门广场北面后退。据报中枪者包括徒手阻拦军队的平民以及旁观的民众，也包括现场抢救的医务人员，另外有一队学生（包括北京体育学院学生方政）被军队坦克辗压，至少五人被压死，九人被压伤。20&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　根据陈希同的1989年6月30日向全国人大常委会提交的报告，“暴乱”中有六千多军警伤亡，三千多名非军人受伤，二百余人死亡，包括36名大学生。他说“这当中，有罪有应得的暴徒，有被误伤的群众，还有正在现场执行任务的医护人员、联防人员和维护秩序工作队员等。对于被误伤的群众和执行任务中受伤害的人员，政府要认真地做好善后工作。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　显然，中国官方的报道将军警伤亡的数字夸大，将学生和市民伤亡的数字大大缩小。根据综合报道，平民死亡的人数远远高于陈希同的数字。根据T.布鲁克的《死亡调查》，仅就北京13家医院的统计，死亡人数在6月3日晚就达479人。21据透露，前国家主席杨尚昆曾经谈到“六·四”期间军队造成600多人死亡。22无论如何，“六·四”屠杀造成了上万人的伤亡。但是20年过去了，中国官方没有进一步的调查“六·四”事件，死亡人数也没有进一步的核实。即便按照中国政府的定性，政府也应当甄别哪些人是“暴徒”，哪些是误伤的市民并加以善后补偿。人民大学教授丁子霖17岁的儿子在所谓的“平息反革命暴乱”中被枪杀致死，至今政府对于她儿子的死没有一个正式的定性和赔偿。以丁子霖为领导的一些受难者妈妈组成了“天安门母亲”，要求中国政府调查“六·四”事件，要求政府让她们公开和不受干扰地悼念他们死去的亲人。这样一个简单的要求，也没有得到政府的答复，并且她们一直受到当局的骚扰和恫吓。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;注解：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.转引自维基百科，自由的百科全书，“六四事件”http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.最早由邓小平在1989年6月9日在接见戒严部队军以上干部时所讲，《邓小平文选》第三卷《在接见首都戒严部队军以上干部时的讲话》。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. 以下是中国政府对1989年天安门事件简短的标准答案：标题：“1989年政治风波”：“80年代末社会上掀起一股资产阶级自由化思潮，自由化分子宣传资产阶级的民主和自由，进行反党反社会主义的活动。在此影响下，1989年4月初，北京一些高校的青年学生针对现实社会中存在的问题开展各种形式的活动，形成学潮。4月15日，原中共中央总书记胡耀邦逝世，广大群众和青年学生举行各种形式的悼念活动，但是极少数人自由化分子却利用这个时机，以悼念为借口，进行反党、反社会主义的活动。在他们的煽动下，首都及地方一些高校的学生大批涌上街头举行游行活动，西安、长沙等地的一些不法分子趁机进行了打、砸、抢、烧，学潮迅速发展成为动乱。4月26日，《人民日报》发表题为《必须旗帜鲜明地反对动乱》的社论，指出这是一场有计划的阴谋，是一次动乱，其实质是从根本上否定党的领导，否定社会主义制度。社论号召大家紧急行动起来，采取坚决有力的措施制止动乱。但是，形势并没有好转。5月19日晚，中共中央决定在首都部分地区实行戒严，但少数暴乱分子煽动一些人与戒严部队对抗。同时，上海、广州等地也接连发生暴徒冲击党政机关、破坏交通设施等严重事件。对此，党中央、国务院、中央军委采取果断措施，平息了暴乱。这场政治风波破坏了我国正常的社会秩序，扰乱了正常的经济建设进程，给党、国家和人民造成了重大损失。平息动乱和反革命暴乱的胜利，巩固了我国的社会主义阵地和十年改革开放的成果，也给党和人民提供了有益的经验教训。”人民网 http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/65833/65839/66944/4514254.html。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. 美国VOA电台2007年6月6日报道“中国成功封锁六四，年轻人不明其意”。报道指出在《南方日报》和《成都晚报》上登出纪念“六·四”的广告，原因是年轻职员不知道“六·四”而认为是一次矿难。http://www.voafanti.com/gate/big5/www.voanews.com /chinese/archive/2007-06/w2007-06-06-voa43.cfm?CFID=153288132&amp; CFTOKEN=68643962&amp;jsessionid=843054fb8efc6abc8a30e2d462293b1e6239。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5，邓小平1986年12月30日发表了反对自残阶级自由化的讲话，点了方励之﹑王若望﹑和刘滨雁的名字。他们成了资产阶级自由化的代表人物，后受到被开除党籍和降职等处分。见《人民日报》1987年1月15日，1月20，和1月25日。中共党的总书记胡耀邦被迫辞职。参见：高皋《三头马车时代》，第 206-12页，明镜出版社，2009年。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6，关于“七条”请愿的内容，不同媒体的记载略有差异。本文的“七条”内容来自于当时亲自组织静坐并将“七条”递交给全国人大代表的李进进的回忆文章（见李进进《我在一九八九年经历的两个历史事件》，载陈子华等著的《欲火重生—“天安门黑手”备忘录》，第209页，明镜出版社，2004年，又见“博讯”网李进进博客《记“八九”年第一次有组织的静坐》http://www.####.com /hero/lijj/4_1.shtml。这里七条中的前六条和张良编著的《中国“六·四”真相》（明镜出版社，2001年第7版，以下简称《“六·四 ”真相》）的前六条基本一致，但是《中国“六·四”真相》第七条差别特别大，为“７、要求政府领导人就政府失误向全国人民作出公开检讨，并通过民主形式对部份领导实行改选。”《“六·四”真相》，第123页。当时学生们根本就没有提出这么直接的民主要求。中共的领导人看到这点肯定不高兴。这条显然是被报告人篡改了，目的是进一步挑拨和加深学生和领导的矛盾。这个篡改很有意思，说明了共产党内部斗争的复杂性，也说明了我们在读《“六·四”真相》一书的时候，要特别记住，那些报道或报告是内部人加工给领导看的，不完全是事实，旨在影响领导的决策。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7，参见罗伯特·劳伦斯·库恩，《他改变了中国，江泽民传》第133-35-页，世界出版集团上海译文出版社，2005年。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8，邓小平的这个讲话在“4.26”社论公布之前先在各高校教师和党员中传达，其中有句话是“跳蚤顶不起被窝”。笔者亲自听了传达。但是这个讲话传达的时候，特别讲明是根据纪录。到今天，这个讲话也没有正式的文稿。参见《“六·四”真相》第194-199页,其中邓小平的讲话的内容很少。这让人怀疑，4月25 日传达的讲话是否被人添油加醋了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9，《中国妇女报》1989年4月28日，以“妈妈，我们没错！”作了详细报道：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;〔本报北京27日讯　记者墨宁、雷收麦、陈西林报道〕“妈妈，我们没错！”──首都数万感到委屈的大学生今天上街游行。虽经北京市府有关部门、公安干警、学校一些领导和教师的耐心劝阻，未全奏效。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　今天的情景表明，政府对近４０所大学学生的这次请愿活动采取了克制、宽容的态度。记者看到，游行过程中，学生通过了多道警戒线，值勤军人和警察未与学生发生任何冲突。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　尽管参加游行的学生对有些事感到有些委屈，但在标语中很少出现过激语言。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　一条横幅上写着“我们不反党，不反社会主义”，另一条标语上写着“和平请愿，反对动乱”……&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;　　给人留下最深印象的是游行方阵中一条标语──“妈妈，我们没错！”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10，《人民日报》1989年5月5日。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11，请参见《六四民运志》http://www.ngensis.com/june4/june4s.htm#3。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;12，陈小雅《八九民运史》，第260页,台湾风云时代出版社1996年6月。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;13，见李进进“我在一九八九年经历的两个历史事件”，载陈子华等著的《浴火重生—“天安门黑手”备忘录》第214页,又见“博讯”网李进进博客“记第一个工人自治组织——北京工自联”，http://www.####.com/hero/lijj/5_1.shtml。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;14参见张世军“致国家主席胡锦涛的公开信”（“1989年4月20日，我随所在部队进京执行戒严任），全文见http://bbs.####s.net/life/bbsviewer.php?trd_id=341179。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;15“戒严部队指挥部告北京市民书”，《人民日报》，1989年5月22日。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;16全文请见“64Memo--《六二绝食宣言》”，http://www.64memo.com/b5/8828.htm。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;17，吴仁华《天安门血腥清场内幕》（后简注“吴仁华”），第48-50页，真相出版社。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;18，《“六·四”真相》，第912-13页。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;19，吴仁华，第34-35页。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;20，维基百科全书中文版，http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B#_note-87。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;21，T·布鲁克，“死亡调查”，陈小雅《沉重的回首》，第209页，开放杂志社，2004年。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;22，参见，美国《世界日报》2008年6月4日。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;相关链接：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CND８９六·四纪念馆&lt;br /&gt;http://museums.cnd.org/China89/&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;日期 09-05-02 09:44&lt;br /&gt;专题: 华夏快递&lt;br /&gt;文章的URL: http://my.cnd.org/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=22486&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-2072757825418711909?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/2072757825418711909/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=2072757825418711909&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/2072757825418711909'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/2072757825418711909'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/05/blog-post.html' title='“六·四”事件民间白皮书'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-1599404202263929142</id><published>2009-04-30T07:26:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-04-30T07:27:16.198-05:00</updated><title type='text'>5 easy ways to fly 1st class</title><content type='html'>Five easy ways to fly first class ... without paying for it&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By Sarah Pascarella, SmarterTravel.com&lt;br /&gt;These days, most of us resign ourselves to flying in coach. It's the cheapest way to travel by air, and if we have to put up with cramped seating, minimal legroom, and reduced (or nonexistent) amenities—well, at least it's a relatively cheap way to travel on a short-haul flight. But for longer flights, the idea of a first- or business-class upgrade becomes more attractive. Bigger seats, more legroom, and several meal options? Yes, please.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Your vacation essentially starts when you board the aircraft," says Matthew Bennett, CEO of FirstClassFlyer.com. "A first-class seat can help you absorb jet lag and get over all the nuisances and grumblings that you inevitably experience flying economy class."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For most of us, though, the high price of first class is what keeps us squeezed in at the back of the plane rather than resting comfortably up front. That's where upgrades come in. Here are some great tips for getting a comfier seat on your next flight.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rack up miles&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The best way to cash in your frequent flyer miles is to apply them toward an upgrade. You get more bang for your buck, and availability is generally more plentiful. "If there isn't availability for a free seat, there may be availability for an elite upgrade," says Bennett. "Especially now with capacity cuts and flight reductions, there are fewer economy seats, but a surplus of first- and business-class seats. Sometimes people will design a trip around economy class availability, rather than looking for upgrade availability."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sites such as ExpertFlyer take some of the guesswork out of finding an available seat. You can track what's on offer, both for upgrades and economy seats, and access specific prices, routes, and other flight information.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You should also take advantage of mileage-accruing credit cards to build up your mileage base through everyday purchases. Retail and travel promotions often give you double miles, while cross-provider offers (from hotels and rental car companies, for example) will often net you even more miles. You'll get the requisite number of miles needed for an upgrade much faster than by flying alone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Look for promos&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You might be surprised to learn that airlines occasionally offer first-class seats at a bargain price. Sign up for your preferred airline's email newsletter alert service to get early notice when seats go on sale. SmarterTravel also publishes a frequent flyer newsletter that lists the latest deals and promotions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Be a savvy consumer when taking part in airline promotions. "America West ran a promotion before merging with US Airways. If you called a special number and asked to be in the Silver Elite Frequent Flyer program, they put you in immediately in the hopes that you would fly enough to earn points to become a loyal customer," says Rick Brown, founder of Skoovy.com. "You had 90 days to fly six segments to retain silver level for the year. Once you had silver, you simply had to call America West a day before your flight, and if first-class seats were available, you had the upgrade."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Research inventory online&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Upgrades, like any travel purchase, require some legwork before you commit. "Deals and opportunities lie in the fine print," says Bennett. "Disappointment usually comes from [customers] reading an airline's ad and not venturing down to the fine print ... There can be major discrepancies in fare and product offerings from one carrier to the next."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If seat pitch, width, and legroom are important to you, compare each airline's first- or business-class product on SmarterTravel's sister site, SeatGuru. Sometimes even the same airline can use different plane models on the same route, so be sure to find out which aircraft your desired flight will be using before you book the upgrade.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition, you need to find out if the ticket you're planning to purchase is even eligible for an upgrade. "The number one mistake people make is buying a discounted ticket and then searching for ways to upgrade," says Brown. "It will be difficult to impossible [to upgrade] with a fare class that is full of restrictions."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Follow the discounts&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Airlines frequently offer a plethora of upgrade opportunities with every new route or seasonal itinerary. Browse around on your preferred carrier's website to see the latest upgrade offerings. Also look for airlines with a significant presence in the region you wish to visit for increased upgrade availability.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition, search out routes with plenty of available flights from a wide variety of carriers. "The general rule of thumb is the less competition an airline has, the less likely they are going to be generous with upgrades," says Brown. "Try finding an upgrade certificate with Qantas. They don't exist ... [But] in the U.S. where competition is fierce and everyone is trying to survive, you will find numerous carriers trying to entice passengers with certificates, incentives, and upgrade possibilities."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You may also find a good deal right at the airport. If you notice your flight isn't full, ask if there's an opportunity to upgrade. "[When] checking in at a kiosk, oftentimes upgrades are available for purchase," says Bennett. "They're not always cheap, but they're cheaper than paying full fare."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Be creative&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sometimes, approaching an upgrade creatively, like a puzzle to be solved, can result in new tactics that deliver a first-class seat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Most experts will tell you that staying loyal to one carrier is a good idea, and they are correct, but also consider which one to use," says Brown. "Let's assume you fly a lot with American and their rules state that in order to upgrade to first class you need 25,000 miles. However, there is a loophole: If you join Cathay Pacific's frequent flyer program, Asia Miles, you may only need 15,000 miles for an upgrade on one of their partner airlines, and since American and Cathay are both part of the oneworld alliance, you may find yourself upgrading a lot faster than your [fellow travelers]."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Know what doesn't work&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Finally, it's also important to know which upgrade strategies aren't successful anymore.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many people still strive for elite status with their preferred airline, but don't get past the low-tier level. If you're going to go elite, make sure it's going to be worth your while. "There are too many flyers with low-tier elite status; there are too many people in line, even with the excess inventory," says Bennett. "So unless you're going beyond that level for elite status, [it] may be hard to get an upgrade."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Asking for an upgrade at the gate probably won't get you to the front of the plane, either. "Asking politely will do nothing more than annoy the ticket agent," says Brown. "They have heard every story in the book and are typically not authorized to upgrade anyone unless they are a frequent flyer with status or are willing to pay for an upgrade."&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-1599404202263929142?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/1599404202263929142/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=1599404202263929142&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/1599404202263929142'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/1599404202263929142'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/04/5-easy-ways-to-fly-1st-class.html' title='5 easy ways to fly 1st class'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-5887221368572589428</id><published>2009-04-26T11:33:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2009-04-26T11:33:47.746-05:00</updated><title type='text'>黑领</title><content type='html'>杜君立&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;才仅仅10年之前，白领还是一个全社会人人称羡的身份。万科地产甚至将其出版的系列图书命名为《白领》。白领是指那种在高级写字楼里上班的专业技术人员，特点是高学历、高收入。特别是写字楼里外资企业，更是白领群体云集的根据地。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;白领意味着体面的工作、优雅的修养、丰富的精神体验。从某种意义上讲，白领简直成为时尚的代名词。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;白领必定毕业于名牌大学，甚至是硕士、博士或海归，每天朝九晚五打卡，坐在格子间的电脑旁，MSN，麦当劳，卡布奇诺，网恋，丁克，地铁，打的，坐经济舱，住星级宾馆，泡吧，煲电话，听蓝调，加班，夜生活，圣诞节，一夜情，斯诺克，暂住证，红酒，抽555，住租来或按揭的公寓，买简约的宜家家具，收藏CD，谈论《老友记》，向往西藏，留恋丽江，铁杆驴友，不看中文报纸不看中国电影，看《国家地理》《名牌》《读书》杂志，看卡夫卡看张爱玲看伊朗电影，洁癖，乡愁，健身，瑜伽，养吉娃娃，香水衣服鞋子泡吧旅游鲜花买书买CD看电影，月光一族。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;白领的产生是中国市场经济发展初级阶段末期的典型现象，证明了“知识改变命运”。白领大多只出现在一线城市。面对WTO的前夜，这些有文化有知识的年轻人开始尝试一种西方发达国家中产阶级的雅皮士生活。绅士与淑女，是充满这些新思想的青年人的人生目标。《了不起的盖茨比》和《傲慢与偏见》是他们的必读书。爱情、教养、文化、艺术、体验、精神贵族深深地吸引着他们。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10年过去，物是人非。回头看看，当年怀着白领梦“范进中举”，当许多大学生挥霍光自己的青春和父母的血汗钱，兴冲冲踏出大学这个高级职业培训监狱大门的时候，却必须接受与黧黑的农民父亲同场竞聘的残酷现实。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;曾经的白领已经老去，在一场百年不遇的经济危机面前，破产的破产，失业的失业，离婚的离婚。当孕育白领的贸易、广告、房地产、IT和制造业风吹雨打流水落花，脆弱的白领蓦然发现，曾经雪白挺括的领口，已经被冰冷的汗水洇得皱皱巴巴一片姜黄。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;春天来的时候，老去的白领继续徘徊于物价和房价飞涨的城市。伫立在林立的写字楼脚下，他今天会收到一个面试通知么……白领的传说就这样陨落了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;与此同时，一个充满神秘色彩的社会群体已经夺去了全中国所有的光芒，他们开着“自己的”大排量名牌汽车，出入高档酒楼，高级夜总会，乘坐头等舱或软卧，住星级宾馆，拥有黄金位置的几处豪宅，购全套红木家具，在位置最好、景观最佳，装修最豪华、质量最安全的办公楼上班，独立办公室，不打卡，饭局，会面，喝茅台五粮液，品天价普洱，抽极品中华，精装《毛评二十四史》，VIP，炒股投资保险理财，收藏古玩字画珠宝黄金，高级会所，劳力士，路易威登，奢侈品，国际顶级品牌服饰，高尔夫，公派出国，移民，护照，拉斯维加斯，美容减肥按摩，组织体检，疗养，免费医疗，贵族学校，MBO，脱产学习，党校，佣人，情人，养藏獒，带薪假……&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;他们就是在全中国一线二线三线城市遍地开花，无远弗届全面崛起的新兴黑领阶层。相对于干干净净清清白白的白领，他们的衣服是黑色的，汽车是黑色的，脸色是黑色的。他们的收入是隐蔽的，生活是隐蔽的，工作是隐蔽的……所谓隐蔽，就是像站在黑夜里的黑衣人，你知道他在，他也知道他在，但你不知道他什么样，在做什么。他们就是就职于政府和官有垄断企业的那个庞大群体。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10年间，官有建筑已经屡屡刷新了所有中国城市的高度。在气度辉煌富丽堂皇的官方办公楼面前，商业写字楼登时被压出逼仄吝啬的寒酸来。从容积率、配套、装修等各方面，拔地而起的“大裤衩”成为城市黑领新贵们的“鸟巢”。白领和他的OFFICE一起，被黑领的裤衩遮住了所有的阳光。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10年间，通过土地财政和垄断政治权力，官方组织一步步通过各种手段将社会财富向自己手中集中。不仅以重税和重复收费罚款的方式，从横向上苛刻聚敛社会财富，而且以资源浪费和环境污染等方式，从纵向上大肆透支谋夺子孙后代赖以生存的根基。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;官有经济在垄断的无竞争市场所向披靡，源源不断的暴利如滚滚长江。水气电油电信金融烟草卫生教育海关公路等行业自不用说，即使出版、邮政、新华书店、市政、环卫、公交、盐业、矿业、铁路、民航、文化、体育、新闻、旅游、土地等这些领域，因为禁止自由竞争，其利润之丰厚仍足以使任何外企眼红得流鼻血。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;在当下中国随便哪一个城市，一个大腹便便的税务监管员都可以开着路虎SUV上班，他的办公室面积有多大、装修得有多豪华不必说，只消告诉你一句，他可以在单位里健身桑拿游泳……一个刚刚工作两年的警察就已经买车买房——没要父母的钱也没按揭……一个国家电网公司的抄表员基本月薪达到8000元……&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;简单推算一下，全国有1000多个省级，20000个厅级，好几万到十来万个县级，这还不包括北京的中央部门和军队警察系统。较发达地区普通黑领年收入10 到20万元极普遍，年终发个十万元奖金不是什么稀奇事，而这也不仅仅是税务部门才有这个财力。这是“合法”的收入，这一部分财产是不怕公示的。去年就有新闻称，南方某地所有的黑领都有两部车，而且很正常。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;人类都知道，对黑领来说，收入绝对不止薪水这一块，医疗交通吃喝拉撒贪污受贿等等，所有的地方都享受纳税人无偿供养，每月的车贴甚至比农民工辛苦一个月的薪水还要多，他们也可以在超市买个床单裤衩都开发票报销，或者把免费领来的大量昂贵药品卖钱。甚至嫖娼也要发票。可以说，所谓黑领，就是除了没给其配备法律意义上的配偶外，其它都是享受无偿供给的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;黑领阶层之所以生活水平迅速提高，是因为其垄断了包括政治、法律、经济、信息在内的一切社会资源，他们消耗了至少一半以上的中国国民收入。他们的崛起，构成了中国新二元社会的显赫一极。这个群体虽然相对数量少，但是绝对数量庞大。粗略估计一下，这种以寄生垄断为业的黑领在全国至少有2000万以上。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;比起10年前苍白的小资白领来，只有这些享受和垄断了政治权利的人才真正的实现了几代中国人的梦想，他们绝对已经达到甚至超过欧美发达国家生活的水准。当然，另外一极的其他“普通老百姓”则是标准的第三世界贫穷国家的国民。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;来自官方背景的黑领对来自民间草根的白领的颠覆，体现了政治权力向自由经济领域的渗透和僭越，以政治权力篡夺经济权力。这种食利自肥的经济身份使官方的超脱精神和公益基础遭到侵犯，合法性受到玷污，政治的伦理尊严荡然无存。官方由民众的仆从变成“民主”——民众的主子，由公共利益的正义仲裁者演化为自身利益集团的代言人，从国家和社会的守夜人异化为自私卑鄙的盗窃者。这是一种极其危险的倾向。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;白领阶层可以说是开放的，或者说穷人的孩子可以通过读书实现白领梦。正因为如此，白领在大学扩招后人力资源充沛的中国急剧贬值。相对而言，黑领阶层则完全是封闭的，正因为封闭，才会奇货可居炙手可热。公共机构实际上已经成为官僚权力集团把持的私家后院，普通人家的孩子要想进入这个群体，理论上说不是不可能，只能说——很渺茫。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;不错，公务员是公开招聘的，垄断官方企业的职位也是面向社会招聘的，只要你拥护那个党，你就可以报名考试。但地球人都知道这里面的规矩——潜规则，考不考得上并不取决于考试分数。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;黑领的特殊之处是已经走向组织化和正在走向世袭化，前者巩固，后者继承。在白领黯然陨落之后，黑领的低调崛起在全社会引发了一轮又一轮的考公务员热。同时，黑领也成为所有商家追逐的目标，他们比白领具有更真实更强悍的消费力。他们走到哪里，哪里就物价飞涨；他们对地产的投资，使农民失去了土地，使白领丧失了家园。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;当白领遇见黑领，立马被压出西装下面的“小”来。今天，一个供职于夹缝状态私企的所谓白领，以他微薄的收入仅够维持温饱而已，消费对他来说已经是一个太过夸张和绝望的词语。不久前官商云集（没有几个身家低于千万）的两会上，一个黑领代表或是同情或是鄙夷地建议小白领们应该去卖肉—— 不是出卖自己的肉体，是卖猪肉。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;在这场席卷地球的金融风暴中，无数外企破产倒闭、业绩滑坡，覆巢之下，纷纷裁员降薪，白领们仓皇失业。与此相反，中国官有组织却财大气粗逆市飘红，令世界500强为之羡慕，黑领们仍然可以毫无罪恶感的集体加薪。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;近水楼台先得月，砸向黑领掌心的4万亿投资计划如同一针鸡血，使无数红了眼的黑领们激动得加额称庆——还是中国好、组织好啊。说实话，贫困潦倒的白领们想从这4万亿民脂民膏中捡点残羹剩饭也是痴心妄想。所以说，“孔乙己”这样的卑微白领如何能与“假洋鬼子”这样的傲慢黑领同日而语。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;如果说白领曾经掀起一股托福热、小资热的话，黑领的江湖则使传统国学和权势文化成为当下显学。易中天的阴谋学、王立群阎崇年的帝王学、于丹的犬儒学和马未都的收藏学等等，无不映照了黑领这个社会核心消费阶层的形成。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;黑领的兴起说明，20年前那场轰轰烈烈的反腐败反官倒运动遭到残酷镇压后，新兴知识群体在与权力群体的博弈中已经完全丧失了主动权。权力经济终于在近10年由量变到质变，完成了对知识经济和自由经济的彻底颠覆。权力组织在文革后重新收复了对共和国的垄断话语权。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;近年来热映银屏的《激情燃烧的岁月》、《军歌嘹亮》、《金婚》和《天下兄弟》等剧，集中反映了文革时期第一代黑领的优裕生活。权力特权下的文革被营造被演绎得无比温馨富足和谐，根本看不到知识阶层生不如死和农民阶层食不果腹的悲惨灾难。这种以主旋律色彩出现的怀旧情绪充满复辟邪恶和美化罪恶的企图。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;曾经的党校高材生、当代厚黑学大师冯仑老板毫不客气地把白领鄙视为“房奴”，一个“奴”字撕下了一群人看似体面的假领。诚然，白领没有任何社会权利，没有罢工权，没有选举权，没有话语权；他们没有权势，没有资本，没有门第。相反，黑领则是这个国家的上帝选民。他们的房子票子车子等等除过老婆之外，都一概享受无偿配给，几乎不用跟“普通老百姓”们争来抢去的所谓市场发生任何关系。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;白领是如此脆弱而不堪一击，一套小小栖身的房子就可以将其压垮；而黑领是如此坚不可催固若金汤，一场导致无数孩子死亡的“三鹿”惨案，也未见一人因职务犯罪被追究法律责任，仅仅纪律处分了事。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;因为对立法权和司法权的把持，黑领群体才是名义上和实质上的共和国公民，他们普遍享受到一个共和国公民所应当享受的一切政治权利。从基本人权、财产权、公民权、选举权和一切社会福利，他们都应有尽有的得到了充分保护和满足。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;与之相反，日渐普遍和经济失宠的白领群体则无法享受到基本人权保证，更遑论公民权和社会福利。他们被官方称之为与“公民”对立的“普通老百姓”或者“群众 ”。相对于“共和国公民”而言，“普通老百姓”在政治层面和法律意义上，仅相当于“人畜”、“奴隶”或者“机器人”。他们经常被官方作为十几亿的巨额国家财产来看待，说不好听点叫“螺丝钉”，说好听点叫作“有用的人”或者“劳动力资源”。其对外的称呼为“人民”，多用在“伤害中国人民感情”的时候。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;白领的陨落代表着知识精英的穷途末路和理性精神的败落，黑领的兴盛代表着权力意识形态的扩张，和反知识重权力的血统论和阴谋论王者归来。“知识贬值”必然带来“读书无用论”的盛行，中国社会从此向封建资本主义进一步靠拢。社会文化日渐沙化和盐碱化，重归流氓文化和宫廷权谋黑幕政治的覆辙。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;黑领对白领的阻击和绞杀使构成未来社会主流的新兴中产阶级胎死腹中，建立宪政公民社会的启蒙运动被迫土崩瓦解。这种财阀与权贵的合力扼杀使一个民族的创新能力和创造力严重退化直至丧失。社会结构和信息结构进一步被凝固被肢解，青年一代被年迈保守的既得利益者压制封堵在社会最底层。健康的社会流动和财富循环陷于停滞，推动社会进步的活力和源泉被窒息被堵死。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;胜者为王的狼图腾文化、不择手段的官场权谋文化、暴殄天物的面子文化和崇高伟大的满清皇帝戏之所以大行其道，正映射着白领规则的陨落与黑领规矩的升起，中国社会由知识和文明的艰难复苏，无可挽回地退回到野蛮与无知的权力通吃、弱肉强食中去。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;人往高处走，水往低处流。在全社会的羡慕、嫉妒和愤怒之中，黑领阶层一方面以和谐的名义，继续低调的巩固其社会地位(政治地位和经济地位)，另一方面在完成原始积累后，他们开始悄然向新大陆挺进——携款外逃，或者投资移民，实现自己正式加入世界发达国家高级人类的梦想，同时也使继承了自己高贵血统的后代，永远彻底的摆脱水深火热的中国。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;******&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;摘自胡记茶行《对现状的分析——挤不进去，你永远是穷人》:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;据官方统计，2004年中国农民人均年收入2936元，按年人均纯收入低于668元的标准，中国农村绝对贫困人口为2610万人。如果按照世界上公认的人均 1天1美元以下就属贫困的标准，我国目前还有2.1亿贫困人口。“八五”期间，公车车辆消费占到全部国家财政支出的38%，整个国家总计支出37960亿中的37.58%用于供养行政公务人员；公款吃喝公费出国年花费每年达9000亿元以上。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中国社会阶层分类：第一个阶层（也是处于最顶端的王者阶层）是由几百个家族组成，他们拥有骇人听闻的财富，是这个国家的掌控者。在他们之下是第二个阶层——地方性的豪族，数量也许是几万家，这些人控制着地方的权力，自然也拥有无与伦比的财产。第三个阶层是由公务员，事业单位人员、国企管理人员、垄断国企人员和私营企业主等这些人中的佼佼者以及顶级白领阶层等这些群体中的人员组成。第四个阶层是生活比较安逸的一般民众，他们经济上还算比较宽裕，但是社会地位不高，对社会没有什么影响力。第五个阶层是由城市平民和农村中生活比较好的农民组成。第六个阶层是贫困群体，也就是四亿没有购买能力的民众。第七个阶层是一亿没有财富的赤贫阶层，第八个阶层就是最后那一亿灾难性赤贫的阶层。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;□ 搜狐博客&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;日期 09-04-26 08:49&lt;br /&gt;专题: 华夏快递&lt;br /&gt;文章的URL: http://my.cnd.org/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=22428&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-5887221368572589428?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/5887221368572589428/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=5887221368572589428&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/5887221368572589428'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/5887221368572589428'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/04/blog-post.html' title='黑领'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-7054838218659365283</id><published>2009-04-21T06:32:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-04-21T06:33:15.791-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Library Of World's Knowledge</title><content type='html'>U.N. Launches Library Of World's Knowledge&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By Edward Cody&lt;br /&gt;Washington Post Foreign Service&lt;br /&gt;Tuesday, April 21, 2009&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PARIS, April 20 -- A globe-spanning U.N. digital library seeking to display and explain the wealth of all human cultures has gone into operation on the Internet, serving up mankind's accumulated knowledge in seven languages for students around the world.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;James H. Billington, the librarian of Congress who launched the project four years ago, said the ambition was to make available on an easy-to-navigate site, free for scholars and other curious people anywhere, a collection of primary documents and authoritative explanations from the planet's leading libraries.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The site (www.wdl.org) has put up the Japanese work that is considered the first novel in history, for instance, along with the Aztecs' first mention of the Christ child in the New World and the works of ancient Arab scholars piercing the mysteries of algebra, each entry flanked by learned commentary. "There are many one-of-a-kind documents," Billington said in an interview.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The World Digital Library, which officially will be inaugurated Tuesday at the Paris headquarters of UNESCO, the U.N. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, has started small, with about 1,200 documents and their explanations from scholars in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Portuguese, Spanish and Russian. But it is designed to accommodate an unlimited number of such texts, charts and illustrations from as many countries and libraries as want to contribute.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"There is no limit," Billington said. "Everybody is welcome."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The main target is children, he added, building on the success among young people of the U.S. National Digital Library Program, which has been in operation at the Library of Congress since the mid-1990s. That program, at its American Memory site, has made available 15 million U.S. historical records, including recorded interviews with former slaves, the first moving pictures and the Declaration of Independence. Billington predicted that children around the world, like their U.S. counterparts, will turn naturally to the Internet for answers to questions, provided they have access to computers and high-speed connections. "This is designed to use the newest technology to reach the youngest people," he said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The site was developed by a team at the Library of Congress in Washington with technical assistance from the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Egypt. The digital library's main server is also in Washington, but officials said plans are underway for regional servers around the world.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Development costs of more than $10 million were financed by private donors, including Google, Microsoft, the Qatar Foundation, King Abdullah University in Saudi Arabia and the Carnegie Corporation of New York. By comparison, the American Memory project cost about $60 million, suggesting that more funds will have to be raised as the World Digital Library expands.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition to UNESCO and the Library of Congress, 26 other libraries and institutions in 19 countries have contributed to the project. Their offerings include rubbings of oracle bones from the National Library of China, delicate drawings of court life from the National Diet Library of Japan and a 13th-century "Devil's Bible" from the National Library of Sweden. Each is accompanied by a brief explanation of its content and significance. The documents have been scanned onto the site directly, in their original languages, but the explanations appear in all seven of the site's official languages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"All of this is dependable, authoritative commentary," Billington said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Users can sort through the information in several ways. They can ask what was going on anywhere in the world in, say, science or literature during the 4th century B.C., for instance. They can look up the history of a certain topic over the centuries in China alone, or in China and North America. By cross-referencing, a user can see how one area of the world compared with another at any given time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Billington acknowledged that national sensitivities could generate problems as the store of documents expands to include episodes in more recent history that some governments may want to hide or distort. But deliberate omissions may prove difficult to maintain, he said, because the site is open to contributions from all sides.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-7054838218659365283?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/7054838218659365283/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=7054838218659365283&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/7054838218659365283'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/7054838218659365283'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/04/library-of-worlds-knowledge.html' title='Library Of World&apos;s Knowledge'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-7335122882745012626</id><published>2009-04-14T05:12:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2009-04-14T05:12:38.722-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Small-Car Sacrifice Safety</title><content type='html'>April 14, 2009&lt;br /&gt;Study Says Small-Car Buyers Sacrifice Safety&lt;br /&gt;By MATTHEW L. WALD&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;WASHINGTON — Consumers who buy minicars to economize on fuel are making a big tradeoff when it comes to safety in collisions, according to an insurance group that slammed three minimodels into midsize ones in tests.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In a report prepared for release on Tuesday, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety said that crash dummies in all three models tested — the Honda Fit, the Toyota Yaris and the Smart Fortwo — fared poorly in the collisions. By contrast, the midsize models into which they crashed fared well or acceptably. Both the minicars and midsize cars were traveling 40 miles per hour, so the crash occurs at 80 m.p.h.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The institute concludes that while driving smaller and lighter cars saves fuel, “downsizing and down-weighting is also associated with an increase in deaths on the highway,” said Adrian Lund, the institute’s president.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“It’s a big effect — it’s not small,” he said in a telephone interview.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yet the institute did not quantify how many more highway deaths might be expected statistically from any increase in the use of minicars.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dave Schembri, president of Smart USA, said the crash type chosen, a head-on collision, was a tiny fraction of accidents. He countered that the Smart Fortwo, with front and side airbags and electronic controls meant to help a driver avoid skidding, was very safe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The institute usually tests cars individually but in this case paired the Honda Fit with a Honda Accord, the Toyota Yaris with a Toyota Camry and the Smart Fortwo with a Mercedes C-Class. (Both the Fortwo and the Mercedes are built by Daimler.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The argument over weight versus safety is not a new one but took on greater significance when gasoline prices rose sharply last year, making minicars more popular. Consumers also seek out vehicles that burn less fuel so they will contribute less to global warming. Production of carbon dioxide, the main heat-trapping gas, is proportional to fuel use, and the Smart claims to be the highest-mileage car powered by gasoline on the American market.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When the institute crashed the Smart into the Mercedes C-Class sedan, the Smart, which weighs half as much as the sedan, went airborne and spun around one and a half times. The institute’s crash laboratory did not clock the speed of the rebound, but calculated that in a collision between cars of that weight, the sedan would slow down by 27 m.p.h. while the two-seater would change speed by 53 m.p.h., moving backward at 13 m.p.h.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The institute suggested steps that would further both fuel economy and safety rather than put them in conflict: cutting the speed limit and reducing horsepower. (Average horsepower is 70 percent higher in new cars now than it was in the mid-1980s, the institute said.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But there is little support for either move. Some car efficiency experts have recommended making cars light but also large, with energy-absorbing crush zones. With several feet of car body in front of the driver, the energy of a crash can be dissipated and the suddenness of the change in velocity can be reduced, they say.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In any case, the statistical connection between vehicle weight and the risk to occupants is not completely clear. In 2002, the National Academy of Sciences said that steps by car manufacturers to reduce vehicle weight to comply with federal fuel economy standards had resulted in 1,300 to 2,600 additional deaths in 1993. But the number has not been updated.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Complicating matters, a statistical graph included in the institute’s study indicated that per million cars registered that were one to three years old in 2007, the death rate was higher for drivers in small cars than in minis, which are even smaller. One reason might be that the smallest cars are not driven as many miles on high-speed roadways, Mr. Lund said.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-7335122882745012626?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/7335122882745012626/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=7335122882745012626&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/7335122882745012626'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/7335122882745012626'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/04/small-car-sacrifice-safety.html' title='Small-Car Sacrifice Safety'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-8240330530737929964</id><published>2009-03-29T20:59:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2009-03-29T20:59:47.463-05:00</updated><title type='text'>THE HOUSE OF CARDS</title><content type='html'>http://www.cnbc.com/id/28892719&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CNBC presents the definitive report on the defining story of our time. CNBC correspondent David Faber investigates the origins of the global economic crisis, with first person accounts from home buyers, mortgage brokers, investment bankers and investors – most of whom let greed blind them, leading to the greatest financial collapse since the Great Depression.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-8240330530737929964?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/8240330530737929964/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=8240330530737929964&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/8240330530737929964'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/8240330530737929964'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/house-of-cards.html' title='THE HOUSE OF CARDS'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-75205147157164534</id><published>2009-03-29T10:48:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-03-29T10:49:21.565-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Weekly Layoff Report:</title><content type='html'>Layoff Tracker&lt;br /&gt; Double-Digit Days&lt;br /&gt;03.27.09&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Layoffs are causing tension everywhere now. The manager of a 3M plant in France was held hostage by angry workers for more than a day this week after it was announced that 110 of the 235 employees at the plant would be let go.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to U.S. Department of Labor data released Friday, seven states are now enduring double-digit unemployment. In California, Michigan, Nevada, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island and South Carolina between 10.1% and 12% are out of work. (Highlights of the week's activity are recorded by the Forbes.com Layoff Tracker, which counts the layoffs at all the nation's 500 largest corporations.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IBM led the week by planning a cut of 5,000 jobs. That's about 4% of the company's U.S. workforce, and it follows a 2,800-worker layoff in January. IBM shares have fallen only 19% over the past year, while the Standard &amp; Poor's 500 has lost almost 40%. IBM has held to relatively strong projections for 2009, despite ongoing worries about consumer spending. But almost no business can escape layoffs now.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agilent Technologies isn't so optimistic with its projections. Expecting a 30% drop in some of its revenue streams, the company is cutting 2,700 jobs. That was the only other four-figure workforce cut announced this week. Agilent is also freezing its share buyback program until at least the end of this year.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wal-Mart is closing an Ohio unit that supports the eye-care centers in the company's stores. That means a layoff of 650 employees. It's part of ongoing cutting at the company, including 1,200 layoffs announced in February.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Shaw Industries, a carpet-weaving subsidiary of Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway, is feeling the housing industry's woes and is closing two plants. That will end up idling 600 workers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even products for drowning one's woe are struggling due to the consumer spending crunch. Wine company Constellation Brands is slashing 5% of its workforce--roughly 400 workers. The company cites slumps in wine sales in Britain and Australia at the end of last year.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Other lesser players in layoffs this week: Google, 200; Synovus Financial, 200; Cummins, 127; Legg Mason, 120; and Freeport-McMoRan Copper &amp; Gold, 50.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Forbes.com Layoff Tracker, updated daily, currently counts 524,801 layoffs announced at America's 500 largest public companies since Nov. 1, 2008.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-75205147157164534?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/75205147157164534/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=75205147157164534&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/75205147157164534'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/75205147157164534'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/weekly-layoff-report.html' title='Weekly Layoff Report:'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-1178353271720288955</id><published>2009-03-26T17:13:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-03-26T17:14:38.104-05:00</updated><title type='text'>IBM may cut 4,000 U.S. jobs</title><content type='html'>From: www.itworld.com&lt;br /&gt;Union says IBM may cut 4,000 U.S. jobs, shift work to India&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Patrick Thibodeau&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;March 25, 2009 —&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IBM may be getting set to make its largest single workforce reduction thus far this year, according to the Alliance@IBM employee union, which says it has heard that the cutbacks will affect about 4,000 U.S. workers at IBM's Global Business Services unit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lee Conrad, the union's national coordinator, said he has been told by IBM employees that the expected job cuts may take place as early as Thursday. That day already has been dubbed "Black Thursday" in one anonymous post on a message board on Alliance@IBM's Web site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The expected cuts were first reported by The Wall Street Journal, which cited anonymous sources at IBM in a story saying that the company plans to eliminate "a large number" of U.S. jobs at the Global Business Services division and shift more of its work to facilities in India. An IBM spokesman contacted by Computerworld today said that the company doesn't comment on "rumor or speculation."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conrad said he can't be certain about the size of the latest cutback until IBM actually begins letting workers go. But like the Journal, he added, Alliance@IBM has heard that "big numbers" will be involved and that what may be driving the cuts is "the offshoring of U.S. jobs to India" and the Asia Pacific region.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IBM's U.S. workforce has been shrinking, while its overseas head count has been on the increase. The number of IBM workers in the U.S. dropped from 121,000 to 115,000 during the course of 2008; however, its overall employee count grew by 13,000 people last year. And already this year, the company has cut more than 4,600 jobs in the U.S. and Canada, according to earlier counts by Alliance@IBM.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The union - a Communications Workers of America local that doesn't have enough members to gain official recognition as a bargaining unit - has been the source of most of the information about the recent job cuts made by IBM. The company has confirmed that reductions were made, but it hasn't publicly announced them or said how many workers were affected. In addition, it has refrained from describing the earlier cuts as layoffs, instead saying that they were part of "an ongoing process that we do throughout the year to match skills and resources with our client needs."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IBM and other companies aren't required to notify government officials of layoffs unless the cutbacks reach a threshold set in the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act, also known as the WARN Act. The provisions of that law apply when there are 500 or more layoffs at one location. But at IBM, job cuts can be scattered among different facilities in the U.S. and other countries.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mark Loughridge, IBM's chief financial officer, indicated that some restructuring was underway at the company during a January conference call about its fourth-quarter financial results. In Loughridge's prepared remarks, he said that IBM "will continue our focus on structural changes that reduce our spending levels and improve productivity in 2009."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The message board on the Alliance@IBM Web site lets people post anonymously, so it's hard to gauge the authenticity of comments - but they're often detailed, and they use acronyms that are familiar to IBM employees. In one post today, an anonymous poster wrote: "My manager has not said anything to me yet but I am already preparing myself for the news."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Computerworld&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-1178353271720288955?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/1178353271720288955/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=1178353271720288955&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/1178353271720288955'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/1178353271720288955'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/ibm-may-cut-4000-us-jobs.html' title='IBM may cut 4,000 U.S. jobs'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-3549556730084739725</id><published>2009-03-24T07:12:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-03-24T07:52:44.618-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Tech jobs disappear</title><content type='html'>Tech jobs disappear at AIG -- and across the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by Patrick Thibodeau&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;March 20, 2009 —&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As American International Group (AIG) paid out huge bonuses to executives, the company also laid off six information technology workers, according to reports in the local media.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Let's face it, a layoff of six tech workers, even at government bailout king AIG, doesn't normally get noticed outside of such media outlets, a Lubbock, Texas, newspaper in this case. Or to paraphrase what Humphrey Bogart's Rick Blaine told Ingrid Bergman's Ilsa Lund in the film, Casablanca, "it doesn't take much to see that the problems of three six little people don't amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But the AIG layoffs serve as a reminder that IT workers nationally continue to see their jobs tank, according to data from the National Association of Computer Consultant Businesses, an Alexandria, Va.-based group that analyzes U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IT employment in the U.S. fell by 17,000 jobs in February, ( Download PDF) or less than a half percent, an improvement over December, which saw a decline of 56,000 jobs, or 1.4%, and January, with job cuts of 46,000, or 1.15%.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IT employment, which peaked last November at more than 4 million jobs, now stands at 3,938,800.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As grim as these numbers may seem, IT workers at least in some areas, are doing better than most professions. Nationally, unemployment is at 8%, but the fourth quarter unemployment rate for computer hardware engineers is 1.4% and computer software engineers 1.9%, according to NACCB.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nonetheless, NACCB is warning that things could get worse for IT if the overall economic climate continues to deteriorate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One indicator is the number of job postings on the tech job site, Dice. In February, Dice said it had 57,000 job listings, down 35% from the year-ago period. A check today showed 54,000 job listings.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Everyone from President Barack Obama to Congress has been hyperventilating over the bonuses paid to AIG. AIG did not respond by press time to questions seeking the reasons for the IT cutbacks -- whether they were due to outsourcing, IT consolidation or simpy cost-cutting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Computerworld&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-3549556730084739725?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/3549556730084739725/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=3549556730084739725&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/3549556730084739725'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/3549556730084739725'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/tech-jobs-disappear.html' title='Tech jobs disappear'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-3525994461244721444</id><published>2009-03-23T05:17:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-03-23T05:18:20.550-05:00</updated><title type='text'>China Arrests Monks in Attack</title><content type='html'>By Gillian Wong&lt;br /&gt;Associated Press&lt;br /&gt;Monday, March 23, 2009; A12&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BEIJING, March 22 -- Hundreds of Tibetans attacked a police station and government officials in northwestern China despite heightened security, prompting the arrests Sunday of nearly 100 monks, state media reported.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Six of those arrested for alleged involvement in the attack were caught by police while 89 others turned themselves in, according to the official New China News Agency. All but two were monks, it said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The protest appeared to be in response to the disappearance of a Tibetan who escaped from police custody in Qinghai province, the news agency report said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But according to a Tibetan exile, the protest involved as many as 2,000 people and was sparked by the apparent suicide of the Tibetan, a monk being investigated for unfurling a Tibetan flag.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The report said several hundred people -- including nearly 100 monks from the Ragya monastery -- attacked the police station in Ragya, a township in the Tibetan prefecture of Golog, on Saturday, assaulting policemen and government workers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some officials were injured slightly in the assault, the report said, without elaborating.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A man who answered the phone at Qinghai's public security department said he had not heard about the attack or the arrests. Phone calls to other police departments and government offices in the area rang unanswered.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The violence is the latest known instance of unrest following a bomb explosion Monday in an unoccupied police station in predominantly Tibetan Ganzi prefecture in Sichuan province. The explosion shattered the building's windows, but no injuries were reported.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In February, Tibetan advocacy groups said a thousand monks gathered at a monastery in Sichuan province's Aba county to protest a ban on celebrating a traditional prayer festival called Monlam. One monk doused himself with gasoline and set himself ablaze.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The violence on Saturday began after a man accused of supporting Tibetan independence escaped from police custody and disappeared, the news report said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It cited authorities as saying the man fled from the Ragya police station after asking to go to the washroom, prompting a manhunt. It cited a witness as saying he was seen swimming in the Yellow River.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A former resident of the area who now lives in Dharmsala, India, said the protesters were angry because they believed the man, a 28-year-old monk named Tashi Sangpo, jumped in the river to commit suicide after fleeing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"When Tashi was being interrogated by the officials, he asked their permission to go to the toilet. He then went out and jumped into the Yellow River," said the source, who spoke on the condition of anonymity, citing fear of reprisals against family members living in China. "The dead body is yet to be found."&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-3525994461244721444?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/3525994461244721444/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=3525994461244721444&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/3525994461244721444'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/3525994461244721444'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/china-arrests-monks-in-attack.html' title='China Arrests Monks in Attack'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-3134331164558336246</id><published>2009-03-20T07:41:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2009-03-20T07:41:54.544-05:00</updated><title type='text'>“六·四”天安门事件20周年</title><content type='html'>一 引言&lt;br /&gt;二 事件的经过&lt;br /&gt;三 “六·四”运动是人民和平请愿运动&lt;br /&gt;四 1989年春北京没有发生动乱&lt;br /&gt;五 北京在1989年6月初没有发生“暴乱”&lt;br /&gt;六“六·四”屠杀的性质不容质疑&lt;br /&gt;七 戒严是非法之举&lt;br /&gt;八 北京市“游行示威十条”是对表达自由的限制&lt;br /&gt;九 20年的反思&lt;br /&gt;十 结论：没有结束的请愿&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一 引言&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有五千年文明的中国让世界人民关注她的不是“四大发明”也不是她的宇航员在空中行走，而是一个年轻的中国人在1989年6月4日只身阻挡针对平民的坦克。 1989年6月3日中国当局命令全副武装的军队强行进驻北京和占领天安门广场，在行进过程中军人们向非武装的北京市民开火，导致了大量的伤亡。那一刻环绕着地球的是这样的声音：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“这里是北京国际广播电台。请记住一九八九年六月三日这一天，在中国的首都北京发生了最骇人听闻的悲剧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;成千上万的群众，其中大多是无辜的市民，被强行入城的全副武装的士兵杀害。遇害的同胞也包括我们国际广播电台的工作人员。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;士兵驾驶着坦克战车，用机关枪向无数试图阻拦战车的市民和学生扫射。即使在坦克打开通路后，士兵们仍继续不分青红皂白地向街上的人群开枪射击。目击者说有些装甲车甚至辗死那些面对反抗的群众而犹豫不前的步兵。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;北京国际电台英语部深深地哀悼在这次悲剧中死难的人们，并且向我们所有的听众呼吁：和我们一起来谴责这种无耻地践踏人权及最野蛮的镇压人民的行径。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这是中国当局自己的电台播出的新闻，它是其编辑根据其在上班的路上所目睹的情况所写出的新闻稿。新闻播出后不久，即1989年6月4日的凌晨左右，中国人民解放军已经强行占领了北京天安门广场。在天安门广场上手无寸铁的学生在军人枪口押送下，撤出天安门广场。这就是让世人震惊的1989年天安门屠杀事件。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有关中国军队向平民开枪造成大量伤亡的报道，以后不断有录像、照片和当事人的回忆证实。中国官方也从未否定军队动用了武力并造成了大量的平民的伤亡。但是他们说这是“平息反革命暴乱”。多年后，中国当局一方面避讳提起“暴乱”和“平暴”而讳称说是一场“政治风波”，另一方面坚持说1989年发生了否定共产党的“政治动乱”和“反革命暴乱”，声称“平息动乱和反革命暴乱的胜利，巩固了我国的社会主义阵地和十年改革开放的成果，也给党和人民提供了有益的经验教训 ”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;历史事件的性质是以人类所建立的正义和价值观来确定的，不能因为事件多年后的某些社会经济和文化的发展而改变。二十年来，中国当局对国内封锁对“六·四”天安门屠杀的报道和讨论，对外却以改革开放的进步来掩盖其军事镇压平民的反人类性。今天，我们必须要拨乱反正，让中国人知道历史真相，看清历史事件的性质，以避免这种反人性的屠杀事件发生。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;二 事件的经过&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1989年4月15日，原中国共产党中央委员会总书记胡耀邦去世。在他去世后的几个小时之内，北京大学和其他的大学的学生们通过大小文字报表达了对胡耀邦的悼念，也表达了对中国政治的不满和对中国领导人的批评。学生们的不满来自于中共中央在1987年初因为胡耀邦政治上反对“资产阶级自由化”不力而遭罢黜。4月17日夜北京大学和其他几所大学拥着“ 中国魂”的特大横幅走向北京天安门广场。4月18日他们向全国人民代表大会常务委员会提出了“七条”请愿书，内容如下：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1． 公正评价胡耀邦的政绩，肯定民主自由的宽松的政治环境；&lt;br /&gt;2. 彻底否定“清除精神污染”与“反自由化”运动，并为这次运动中蒙受不白之冤的人平反；&lt;br /&gt;3. 要求党和国家领导人及其子女向全国人民公布其财产状况；&lt;br /&gt;4. 允许民办报纸，开放报禁，制定新闻法；&lt;br /&gt;5. 增加教育经费，提高知识分子的待遇；&lt;br /&gt;6. 取消北京人大常委会违反宪法而制定的限制游行的“十条”；&lt;br /&gt;7. 此次活动作出公开的报道，见诸党政机关报。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;以上七条基本上是1989年民主运动的基本政治主张，归纳起来为两个请愿诉求：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一是要求自由和宽松的政治环境；二是反对腐败，即当时最响亮的口号“反官倒”。其中没有提出任何选举在内的民主要求，没有要求改换政府，更谈不上推翻一个政府。当日学生们经过十多个小时的静坐后，作为全国人民代表的体育转播播音员宋世雄，全国青联主席刘延东和北京市教育局局长曹西平出来接受了“七条”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;当晚约8时左右，静坐的学生解散，但是静坐外围的学生拉着“中国魂”的横幅到了中国中央政府所在的“新华门”前示威。这就发生了“4.19”和 “4.20”“冲击新华门”事件。在这个事件当中，中央的有关报道强调“有人喊‘打倒共产党’的口号”。这种报道激化了学生的情绪，因为大多数学生当时没有这种政治诉求。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4月20日后，北京的几所主要大学开始组织学生自治会。中共中央决定在4月22日在人民大会堂举行“胡耀邦追悼大会”。当得知北京当局将封闭天安门广场不让学生到天安门参加追悼大会后，北京主要大学的自治组织决定进驻天安门集体参加“胡耀邦的追悼大会”。当晚，各大学的学生突破封锁，凯旋般的进驻了天安门。中共中央在学生们已经进驻天安门广场的情况下决定允许同学们在广场聆听追悼大会。大会结束后，几位学生代表在人民大会堂台阶上“跪递”他们的请愿书，结果中国当局不予理睬。这件事情后，学生开始了罢课。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4月25日中共中央在北京主要学校和有关部门口头传达了邓小平的讲话，指出中国发生了政治动乱，要加强“人民民主专政”。4月26日人民日报根据邓小平的讲话，发表了《旗帜鲜明地反对动乱》的社论。社论指出极少数人“打着民主的旗号破坏民主法制，其目的是要搞散人心，捣乱全国，破坏安定团结的政治局面。这是一场有计划的阴谋，是一次动乱”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这个社论是1989年运动的转折点。尽管社论说是“极少数人”，但是学生们认为那只是文字游戏，他们认为社论就是否定学生们的政治诉求，矛头就是指向学生。他们认为“我们没有搞动乱”。于是他们再次走上街头。4月27日发生了第一次最大规模的游行。游行得到了北京市市民的热烈支持。他们高喊“大学生万岁”并且送来了面包和水。有的学生的母亲也到游行队伍，母女拥抱着，享受着那自由的一刻。事前布置的军警在北京市民和学生面前，显得苍白无力。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“4.27”大游行后，政府有关当局开始和学生对话。对话断断续续持续了几个星期，没有任何结果。5月4日赵紫阳在亚行的讲话要求在“冷静、理智、克制、秩序，和在民主和法制的轨道上解决问题”。赵讲话后，学生们宣布复课。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;因为政府和学生的对话没有取得实质性进展，中央没有改变“动乱”的定性，政府对学生们的政治诉求也没有诚意予以接受，5月13日，在前苏联总统戈尔巴乔夫来访前一天，以北京大学为首的学生开始了在天安门广场绝食。他们提出了绝食宣言，其诉求也很简单：&lt;br /&gt;（1）要求政府迅速与学生举行实质性真诚对话，&lt;br /&gt;（2）要求政府承认他们没有搞动乱而是在进行一场爱国的民主运动。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;北京市民包括警察和军事院校的学生都走上街头，支持学生的政治诉求。人民日报和中央电视台曾报道有上百万人走上街头。北京的工人们也组织起来，成立了中国历史上第一个工人自治会。此时，声援北京学生运动已经波及到全国。许多大城市的学生和市民都走上了街头。外地的学生也赶到北京参加绝食和声援绝食。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5月16日，赵紫阳在同戈尔巴乔夫的谈话中明确世界，中共中央在1978就决定邓小平是中国的掌舵人。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5月19日，中国当局决定在5月20日对北京部分地区实行戒严。戒严令由国务院的名义发布，并成立了“解放军戒严指挥部”。当时的中共中央总书记赵紫阳因为反对戒严出席“戒严”大会，他在5月19日凌晨看望了学生后就被软禁，直到他在2005年1月去世。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5 月20日后，北京的学生和市民们开始了一场反对戒严的活动。长期作为首都的北京，100年来他们经历了无数次的反抗政府的活动，见证了几个政府的更迭，但是没有一个政府命令军队进城来镇压学生运动。北京市的妇女，老人来了，工人们来了，政府的官员也来了，甚至有些警察也来了，他们来到戒严的军车面前，劝说着满脸稚气的解放军“娃娃”，让他们撤军。军人们犹豫了。有些将军们也开始反对戒严。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;同时，人们要求全国人民代表大会常务委员会讨论决定戒严的合法性和合理性。全国人大常委会下次开会的时间是6月20日。包括有57名（后有4名代表撤出）人大常委会委员签名的公开信要求召开全国人大常委会特别会议。人们开始要求国家的最高权力机关讨论“罢免李鹏总理”和“取消戒严”的议题，要求当权者按照宪法的规定和法律的程序来解决政治问题。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;军队在各种反对的声音下，在北京郊区停滞不前。本来，这是个最好的机会让中共党内来解决国内的政治纷争。可是，面对人民改革的呼声，特别是面对人民要求通过 “全国人民代表大会”来解决政治纷争，邓小平和其他中共中央的当权者没有耐心和信心，于是决定军队在6月3日不惜一切代价强行进军北京市区，占领广场，驱赶学生，用军事行动来解决非武装的和平集会和示威。这就发生了天安门“六·四”屠杀。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;从镇压以后的政府官方文件和对“暴乱者”的审判中，所有的“暴乱”行为都是发生在军队前行进驻北京天安门广场的过程中。伤亡也发生在6月3日夜和4日的凌晨。以下是网上的一个较为中立和严肃的“百科全书”的报道：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6 月3日，中共中央决定清场。当天下午4时，杨尚昆、李鹏、乔石和姚依林等召开军政会议，指令翌日6时前要完成任务，并宣布“如遇阻拦，戒严部队可以采取各种自卫措施和一切手段予以排除”。当晚7时，中央电视台新闻联播播放戒严部队紧急通告，宣布“戒严部队、公安干警和武警部队有权采取一切手段强行处置，一切后果由组织者肇事者负责。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;晚上10时后，天安门与长安街的形势急转直下。军队入城后遭到市民阻挠，军队开枪，其中木樨地是死伤最多的焦点。该处聚集数千人，部分人用碎砖头砸打解队，军队立即一排排冲上大桥，边喊着“人不犯我，我不犯人；人若犯我，我必犯人”的口号，边向投石头的市民开枪。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;从这时起，军队时而向天开枪，时而对着人群扫射，有人中弹倒下。民众不断向后退，高喊：“法西斯！流氓政府！杀人犯！”军队用冲锋枪向骂声扫射，约百名学生和市民倒在血泊中，大部分立刻被送往旁边的复兴医院。复兴门外大街两旁的市民从自家窗户上探出头来痛骂，也有人从窗口上往马路上投东西，军队开枪还击，从木墀地到全国总工会约五百米左右的路段，两旁建筑物都被打得火星四溅，其中22号楼、24号楼两幢部长楼有3人在楼上被子弹打死，当中据报包括人大法律委员会副主任委员宋汝尊的女婿。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;根据BBC现场报道，解放军从卡车上不分目标的向人群射击；在天安门广场的一次扫射中，她自己被尸体绊倒，几码之外被当场射杀的还有两人，重伤倒地不起的两人；之前北京某儿童医院20分钟内送来40多名遭枪击的重伤者，其中包括妇女和老人，不少人是在自己家中中弹，其中有两人已死亡。有说一些死者遗体被戒严部队埋在各处，但说法并未得到证实，但一些有录像却显示解放军直接在长安大街向市民开枪。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;广场上的学生虽然知道镇压开始，但以为军人只用橡胶子弹和催泪弹，最多是被军人押走。此时不断有人跑入广场紧急报信，说明军队荷枪实弹扫射示威者，广场陷入惊恐。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;零晨1时，天安门以西约四公里的复兴门传出枪声，军队向堵塞他们的群众开枪，最少逾30人死亡，200多人受伤，复兴门外医院接收大量死伤者。1时30分，北京市政府和戒严部队发出《紧急通告》，内容说：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“ 首都今晚发生了严重的反革命暴乱。暴徒们猖狂袭击解放军指战员，抢军火，烧军车，设路障，绑架解放军官兵，妄图颠覆中华人民共和国，推翻社会主义制度。人民解放军多日来保持了高度克制，现在必须坚决反击反革命暴乱。首都公民要遵守戒严令规定，并同解放军密切配合，坚决捍卫宪法，保卫伟大的社会主义祖国和首都的安全。凡在天安门广场的公民和学生，应立即离开，以保证戒严部队执行任务。凡不听劝告的，将无法保证其安全，一切后果完全由自己负责”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中国官方资料称，《通告》内容广播后，至零晨2时，几十万人的广场只剩下数千名学生和市民。零晨2时20分，军队开进广场，施放催泪弹，部队从广场南面的前门向中央推进，沿途向高空发射照明弹，群众向天安门广场北面后退。据报中枪者包括徒手阻拦军队的平民以及旁观的民众，也包括现场抢救的医务人员，另外有一队学生（包括北京体育学院学生方政）被军队坦克辗压，至少五人被压死，九人被压伤。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;根据陈希同1989年6月30日的报告，“暴乱中有 3000多名非军人受伤，200余人死亡，包括36名大学生。这当中，有罪有应得的暴徒，有被误伤的群众，还有正在现场执行任务的医护人员、联防人员和维护秩序工作队员等。对于被误伤的群众和执行任务中受伤害的人员，政府要认真地做好善后工作”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;根据综合报道，死亡的人数远远高于陈希同的数字。仅就北京13家医院的统计，死亡人数在三日晚就达479人。但是20年过去了，中国官方没有进一步的调查“六·四”事件，死亡人数也没有进一步的核对。即便按照中国政府的定性，政府也应当甄别哪些人是“暴徒”，哪些是误伤的市民并加以和善后补偿。然而，这件事情没有做。人民大学教授丁子霖19岁的儿子在“平息反革命暴乱”中被枪杀致死，至今政府对于她儿子的死没有一个正式的定性和赔偿。以丁子霖为领导的一些受难者妈妈组成了“天安门母亲”，要求中国政府调查“六·四”事件，要求政府让她们公开和不受干扰地悼唁他们他们死去的亲人。这样一个简单的要求，也没有得到政府的答复，并且她们一直受到当局的骚扰。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;三 “六·四”运动是人民和平请愿运动&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;从1989年4月15日到6月4日止，中国发生了以北京天安门广场为中心、以学生为主导并得到全国各界人士支持的和平请愿运动。请愿就是公民对向政府机关提出各种诉求的活动。请愿往往通过言论自由或游行示威集会等自由权利来表达。在多数情况下，请愿活动是要求政府当局在现有的宪法和法律内进行。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“六·四”请愿的主要诉求是4月17日学生们在天安门人民英雄纪念碑前提出的“七条”。如前所述，这“七条”归纳起来就是包括新闻自由在内的言论表达自由的要求和包括制定“阳光法”在内的“反官倒”即反腐败的要求。在以邓小平为首的中国当局在4月25日认定学生的请愿活动是“动乱”后，学生们加上了“摘掉动乱帽子”的请愿。在当局决定在北京市区实行戒严后，请愿者提出了全国人民代表大会“罢免李鹏”和“取消戒严”的诉求。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;以上所有的请愿要求都在中国宪法和法律允许的范围之内。宪法第三十五条规定“中华人民共和国公民有言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威的自由”。所以学生正式要求当局保证和落实这些自由。宪法第四十一条规定“中华人民共和国公民对于任何国家机关和国家工作人员，有提出批评和建议的权利；对于任何国家机关和国家工作人员的违法失职行为，有向有关国家机关提出申诉、控告或者检举的权利”。宪法第二十七条规定“一切国家机关和国家工作人员必须依靠人民的支持，经常保持同人民的密切联系，倾听人民的意见和建议，接受人民的监督，努力为人民服务”。这就是人民的请愿权利。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;宪法第二条规定“中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会”。宪法第六十二条和第六十三条规定全国人民代表大会监督宪法的实施，选举产生国务院总理并可以罢免之。宪法第六十七条规定，全国人民大会常务委员会监督国务院的工作，有权撤销国务院制定的与同宪法、法律相抵触的行政法规、决定和命令。所以要求通过全国人大及其常委会来罢免总理李鹏和取消戒严是宪法赋予人民的权利。当时请愿者要求邓小平下台，也是要求中国革除军事寡头政治的合理要求。因为邓小平只是一个中央军事委员会主席，但是却实际操纵中国的政治。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;综上所述，“六·四”请愿活动没有提出颠覆宪法或在宪法之外重新建立一个政治制度的诉求。他们甚至没有将“选举”和“修宪”等民主改革作为主要诉求。在绝食最紧张的时候，请愿者提出的是“维护宪法”，在天安门广场成立的是“首都各界爱国维宪联席会”。在“4.27”大游行的时候，学生们打出了“拥护中国共产党”的口号。这些都说明，请愿活动没有意图“否定中国共产党”搞动乱。请愿者至多是要求共产党作进一步的政治改革，进一步保证人民的自由权利。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“ 六·四”请愿活动都是通过和平的方式进行的。这些活动包括游行、集会和结社、对话、静坐和绝食。绝食虽然将请愿活动带到一个激烈的高度，但那是以请愿绝食者自己的生命来换取人民的自由，这和当局用军队自动枪和坦克来剥夺请愿者的生命是不可同日而语的。在请愿期间，请愿者和全国的声援的人民没有通过暴力、暗杀、搞武装、政变或其他非和平的手段来达到目的。“六·四”请愿运动坚持了和平原则。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;四 1989年春北京没有发生动乱&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中国当局早在4月25日就将学生运动定为动乱。这个“动乱”的定性激化了政府和学生之间的矛盾。学生们最后以“绝食”来要求摘掉“动乱”的帽子。中国当局不妥协，坚持认定学潮是动乱并认为“动乱”发展成了所谓的“暴乱”。今天，这个“动乱”的帽子该去掉了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;在传统的汉语词汇里没有“动乱”一词。“动乱”或“社会动乱”是现代的用法，1966年到1976的文化革命被称为“十年动乱”，成为人民对“动乱”理解的主要事例。在那十年里，中国发生了各派别之间的武斗，抢夺武器仓库，“地富反坏右”和走资派等被殴打、游街，国家法律全部无效，中国国家主席也被非法关押致死。1989年没有发生这些事情，甚至连点迹象都没有。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;按照传统词典对“乱”的解释，“乱”是无秩序，那么，“动乱”应当是非常严重或极度的社会失序。1989年4月北京没有发生非常严重或极度社会失序的情况。中国当局是在“4.26社论”里将学潮定为动乱的。这个社论在1989年4月 25日晚间播出。所以，我们要依据史料来判定中国的北京在1989年4月25日之前的社会基本秩序是否遭到严重破坏。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;从1989年4月 15日到25 日，这10天里，发生了一些游行示威活动。这些活动主要有：“4.17”的学生游行和“4.18”在人民大会堂的静坐。这个静坐已经在全国人民代表大会的代表接受了“七条”后和平解散；“4.19”和“4.20”学生们在新华门前示威；“4.22”学生集体到天安门广场参加旁听胡耀邦追悼大会；以及学生们 “跪拜请愿”被拒绝后开始罢课。可是在这些活动中没有发生任何“暴力”或其他危害人民生命和财产的行为；北京市的治安没有因为这些示威活动而变恶化；北京市的各国家机关，工厂和事业单位的工作秩序没有受到实质性影响；北京市市民生活正常而有序地进行。如此而言，“动乱”何在？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中国当局讲的 “动乱”是以其游行示威的政治诉求来决定的。邓小平最先将学潮定为“政治动乱”：“这不是一般的学潮，而是一场否定共产党的领导、否定社会主义制度的政治动乱”。人民日报“4.26”社论为了在文字上不打击一大片，没有说是“政治动乱”而只说是“动乱”，但是明确指出动乱的实质是“要从根本上否定中国共产党的领导，否定社会主义制度”。事情很清楚，当局是以其“乱”背后的动机和思想倾向也可以说是以其乱的性质来决定“乱”的程度，而不是以“乱”的程度来决定其法律性质和采取法律措施。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一个社会是否发生了动乱，不能依据行为者主观上的政治诉求来决定。首先，中国承认的联合国《世界人权宣言》和中国的宪法都确定了人民的表达自由。如果将和平的政治诉求作为确定动乱的标准，那就是否定人民言论和其他表达自由。其次，如果以其行为的性质或者以行为背后的动机和思想原则决定的是否发生了动乱，那么等于“治乱”的法律措施目标是人们的思想。法律不能以人的思想来惩罚人，这是当代世界各国包括中国都确认的基本法律原则。中国领导人一边不得不承认这个原则，一边却违反这个规则，无时无刻控制人民的思想和惩罚他们不喜欢的有思想的人。这是中国1989年“动乱”的渊源。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有人会说，非法游行示威本身就是动乱。游行示威无论合法与否都是一种表达的行为。如果说乱是无秩序， 动乱是非常严重或极度的社会失序，那么非法的行为不一定造成社会极度失序。北京学生们在1989年4月的游行无论是否非法都是有组织有秩序的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有人会说非法占领天安门广场是动乱。天安门广场就是人民政治表达的一个公共地方。“非法占领”广场至多只是乱或违法，而非“动乱”。这是因为这个“乱”不影响当地人民群众正常的生活秩序。5月13日开始的天安门广场绝食，是在宣布“动乱”之后，其本身是要求摘掉“动乱帽子”的行为。即便在天安门广场绝食是“ 动乱”，它也没有实质性地或严重地影响人民的生活秩序和国家的正常政治活动。绝食虽然使欢迎苏联前总统戈尔巴乔夫的仪式没有能在天安门广场举行，但是，其国家欢迎仪式还是在别的地方隆重举行。国家的政治活动还是在正常的进行。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;戒严后，北京的学生并没有撤离广场。可以说戒严并没有终止所谓的“动乱”。但是，这个“乱”没有影响北京人民的正常生活。北京市的社会治安和生活秩序在北京学生占领广场下，不但没有受到影响，甚至变好了。戒严后的第二天5月21日中央电视台晚间新闻报道了如下采访：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;街头一位推自行者的妇女对记者说，作为首都公民，我们能够自己管理自己，自己完全能够维持秩序。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一位男子说，过去街上车碰着车就要吵架，现在都互相理解，招招手就走了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一位五十来岁的男子说，我是外地出差来京的，从打戒严令发布之前，据我观察，街头交通秩序是好的，虽然人多，走车也多，但秩序非常好，因为有学生在帮助警察维持秩序。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;记者问一位售货员：“现在副食品供应还畅通吧？”售货员：”对，挺畅通的，而且也没有什么抢购”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;人民的请愿活动就是人民最大的节日。当局为什么要将人民和平且有秩序的请愿示威活动看作动乱？目的就是为镇压“反对派”和扼杀人民政治上改革开放的要求找借口。实际上，这是将人民推向对立面的顽固政治手段，只会带来社会更大的动乱和人民的生命财产的损失。如果当时的掌权者的邓小平不将学生的请愿活动定为动乱，那么学生的要求就有可能在“冷静、理智、克制、秩序和在民主和法制的轨道上解决问题”。那样的话，后面的屠杀就有可能避免。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;五 北京在1989年6月初没有发生“暴乱”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中国当局派军队血腥镇压1989年的人民请愿运动的理由是“北京发生了反革命暴乱”。在政治运动中发生的非法行为在很多民主国家或非民主国家发生过。中国现代史上也发生过。1976年的天安门事件在行为的方式上一样有违法或动乱的表现。但是，无论在世界近代史上或中国近现代史上，用军队来镇压一个大规模的非武装的群众运动是非常少见的。中国当时是否发生了不得不靠军事镇压的“暴乱”不仅是一个事实的判定工作，也是中国当局重新评价“六·四”事件的一个最基本出发点。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;赵紫阳在1997年9月12日给中共中央的信中对此讲道:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“那次学潮不管存在什么偏激、错误和可指责之处，把它定性为‘反革命暴乱’是没有根据的。既然不是反革命暴乱，就不应该采用武装镇压的手段去解决”。作为当时中共中央第一把手的赵紫阳的这个判断，可以说是分析军事镇压合法性和合理性的核心问题。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;为了分析的方便，我们必须对“暴乱”有一个基本定性。暴乱不是一个确定的法律词汇。中国法律对在什么情况下可以采取军事镇压没有作出明确规定。参考中国 1996年的戒严法关于导致戒严的动乱、暴乱或骚乱的“严重性”、“紧急性”和戒严的“必要性”的有关规定，导致直接军事镇压的暴乱一定有大规模的“暴力 ”或“武力”行为或事件发生，这种暴力已经导致了相当规模的人民生命的丧失并且威胁着人民的生命安全；这种“暴力”行为必须是达到了一般的警力不能控制的程度以至于不得不用有组织的大规模军事镇压。所以，“暴乱”不能包括一般的违法行为或小范围内和短时间的团伙性行为。暴乱不能包括“非武装”的群众性集会或游行。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;同时，在因果关系上，大规模的暴力行为是因，发生在前，军事镇压是果。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;通过以下几个方面的分析，我们认为中国当时没有发生暴乱。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;第一，中国当局自己所指控的“暴乱”行为没有证据&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;关于在“六·四”前发生了反革命暴乱的情况，官方唯一报道来自于陈希同1989年6月30日在第七届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第八次会议上的报告。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;在报告的第六节，陈希同指控动乱的组织者和策划者占领广场，“每日耗资10万余元，而且开始非法采购武器”。关于这一指控，除了陈希同的这个报告外，当局在镇压后没有提供任何进一步的证明，也没有一个所谓的动乱策划者被指控“非法采购武器”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;该报告的第七节，对“暴乱”作了专门报道，其标题就是“极少数人是怎样挑起反革命暴乱的”。陈希同说正是在下面描述的万分紧急的关头，“中共中央、国务院、中央军委不得不下定决心，命令驻守在首都周围的戒严部队，强行开进，平息反革命暴乱”。按照他的说法，北京已经发生了“反革命暴乱”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;首先，他指控，引发暴乱的一个事件是六月一日发生的一辆武警的吉普车因车祸轧死了一个人。他说，极少数人却有意把车祸同戒严部队按计划进城的行动联系起来，“大造谣言，说是戒严部队的开道车故意轧死学生，鼓动不明真相的人，要抢夺尸体，举行抬棺大游行。一时间，人心浮动，气氛紧张。经过这样的煽动和鼓噪，暴乱的火就被他们点了起来”。实际上，在人民日报第二天报导了车祸后，这个事件没有对参与学潮的学生和领导产生实际上的影响。至今为止，我们没有看到北京市民或学生因煽动车祸而被起诉。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;按照陈希同的说法，暴乱开始于6月3日凌晨，“当部分戒严部队按计划进入警戒目标的过程中，就有人有组织地煽动一些人在建国门、南河沿、西单、木樨地等路口阻拦大小车辆，设置路障，拦截军车、殴打战士，抢夺军用物资。曹各庄附近12辆军车被拦。从燕京饭店门前经过的战士被强行搜身。电报大楼前的军车轮胎被扎穿，并被隔离墩围住”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这个报告中关于“殴打战士，抢夺军用物资”的报导，没有得到其他任何独立的资料印证。实际上当时的报道是，北京市民给军人送吃的，送喝的，以“人民子弟兵爱人民”的口号，劝说军人撤退。资料表明，北京市民没有武装拦截军车。和平的拦截军车根本谈不上为暴乱。即便有军车轮胎被扎，此种行为远远不能当作暴乱。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;陈希同的“暴乱”说的另外一个指控是“在拦截、砸抢军车的同时，一伙暴徒围堵和冲击国家机关和重要部门。他们冲人民大会堂、冲中宣部、冲广播电视部，冲中南海的西门和南门。保卫这些机关的武警战士和公安干警数十人负伤”。陈希同没有说明这种冲击的方式，严重性，公安干警负伤的严重程度。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;实际上，从五月以来就有些人在这些机构门前或附近进行和平抗议。他们没有武装，没有使用其他武器，那里也没有发生什么伤亡。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;陈希同对北京发生的“暴乱”比较具有煽动性说法是，关于高自联和工自联的头头们分发武器。他说：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“[6 月3日]下午5时许，非法组织“高自联”和“工自联”的头头，在天安门广场分发了菜刀、匕首、铁棍、铁链子和带尖的竹竿，声言“抓住军警就要往死里打”。 “工自联”大广播中大肆叫嚣，要“拿起武器推翻政府”。还有一伙暴徒纠集了上千人，推倒西单附近一个建筑工地的围墙，抢走大批施工工具和钢筋、砖块等，准备打巷战。他们的广播站不断播放如何制造和使用燃烧瓶、如何堵烧军车之类的“知识”，进行教唆和挑动。他们策划利用第二天是星期天的时机，煽动更多的人上街，发动更大规模的打、砸、抢、烧，造成一个群众暴动的态势，一举推翻政府，夺取政权”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;关于高自联和工自联的头头分发菜刀匕首等武器之说，陈希同是当着全世界人民面前造谣撒谎。中国当局镇压后没有关于21个通缉的学生运动领袖、黑手王军涛和陈子民等，以及工自联的“头头”韩东方、李进进等这些人发放武器的镜头，照片，或任何文字的具体报道。更奇怪的是，镇压后被逮捕的高自联和工自联的头头没有一个因为“发放武器”而被起诉。当局也没有提供关于那些“头头”之外的其他动乱者发放武器的具体的证据。在6月4日凌晨军队在天安门血腥清场后没有任何报道说军队收缴了任何武器。实际上，那些学生们清场的时候“依然是赤手空拳，手无寸铁”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;自5月20日宣布戒严后，就有些人在广场教导学生如何防止有可能发射的烟雾弹对人体的伤害。他们是在做些保护自己的事情。如果有市民或学生宣传如何抵制军车，那么这本身不是暴乱，而是宣传抵制军队镇压学生。逻辑上，只有军队强行进驻北京，才会遇到抵抗。这说明，军队镇压的是抵抗者，而不是镇压已经施行暴力的暴乱者。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;第二， 中国在“平暴”后的审判中没有判决一个“在军队开枪前”的“暴乱分子”，所有被关押和审判的“暴徒”都是对军队镇压的抵抗&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;从1989年镇压后所揭示的资料表示，中国当时的决策者已经下定决心，命令驻守在首都周围的戒严部队，强行开进，占领天安门广场，用暴力解决国内的政治纷争。英勇的北京市民对当局用军队来解决非武装的和平政治抗议进行了抵抗。所谓的平息反革命暴乱，只是一个借口。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;镇压后，被审判的动乱的组织者和策划者，没有一个被指控组织暴乱。被陈希同指控的工自联的主要头头，没有一个判刑。有些工人纠察队的领导人被判刑，但那是因为他们参与了抵抗军队开枪。同时，镇压后所报道的“暴徒”都是在军队强行占领天安门的过程中产生的。在此之前，他们是良民。所以，军队来平息暴乱是本末倒置。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;第三，北京市戒严期间其治安状况良好，骚乱来自戒严后，来自北京市民对“戒严”的抵抗。以下是人民日报所报道的戒严第二天和第6天的报道：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;《北京戒严第二天》：本报北京5月22日凌晨4时50分讯：国务院在北京部分地区实行戒严的命令生效业已40多小时。在政府划定的戒严区域内，仍未见到异于往日的发展情况。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;21日星期日，天安门广场上，和平请愿的首都的和从外地来的大批大学生比肩静坐。东西长安街上，人流夜以继日；数架军用直升机在低空往复掠过，撒下用大字号写的李鹏总理讲话传单，引起阵阵骚动。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;戒严令发出以后，广大市民担心执行戒严的解放军进城后发生流血事件，夜间在通向郊区的一些主要交通路口设置道路障碍。城市公共汽车、电车已中断两天。地铁停运。东西长安街等主要街道，群众自动维护交通秩序，指挥过往的各种车辆和行人。一些居民给本报打电话，抱怨看不到报纸，拿不到牛奶。入夜，在用各种大型车辆及其其他什物设起路障的许多交通路口，又聚集起黑压压的人群。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这篇报道指出，北京市民只是抱怨拿不到报纸和牛奶。这说明戒严导致了北京市的治安情况的恶化。但是情况仍然不是那么严重，北京市民的正常生活没有受到影响，工人照常上班，中小学生照常上课，书声朗朗。以下是关于戒严第六天的报道：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;本报北京26日凌晨讯，昨天，北京烈日当空。下午起，东西长安街和广场周围的游行队伍一时不见头尾。从横幅来看，有来自科研、教育、卫生、新闻等单位和部分工厂的。也有不少是外地学生。长安街交通一度中断。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;北京各大小副食店和农贸市场，蔬菜肉蛋等生活必需品充足，货架摊位琳琅满目。据北京人民广播电台报道，全市工业系统的职工出勤率一直在80%左右，大多数企业事业单位的工作秩序基本稳定，中小学校书声朗朗。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;以上就是“暴乱”前几天的情况。如此良好的社会秩序，怎么会突然爆发了“暴乱”？唯一的解释是，军队要强行进入北京。而军队的对手则是非武装的学生和市民。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;第四，中共自己当时最高领导人也认为将学潮“定性为‘反革命暴乱’是没有根据的”。赵紫阳的话对于分析当时的政治形势是非常重要的。首先，他是中共最高领导人。他掌握有大量的信息和内部通报。同时，客观的材料也支持赵紫阳的判断。要驳倒赵紫阳的判断，必须要用充分的史料。到目前为止，我们还没有看到可以驳倒他的判断的史料。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;六 “六·四”屠杀的性质不容质疑&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;军队向非武装的群众开枪就是屠杀。中国军人在1989年6月4日前夜和当天对非武装的北京市民开枪并用坦克车碾平民而造成上千人的伤亡后，全世界的主要媒体，包括香港、台湾和其他海外华人都认为中国人民解放军所谓的“平息反革命暴乱”是对人民的屠杀。当时有人称军人屠杀了上万人。仅从死亡的人数来看，这个说法是夸大的。但是，历史不会因为实际死亡人数比最初发生屠杀时人们在愤怒之下报称的死亡人数少而改变其屠杀的性质。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中国共产党政府纪念的“五一”国际劳动节，就是纪念芝加哥警察镇压几十万请愿的工人，当时工人们首先扔了炸弹，所以“暴乱”发生在先。但是当时没有军人介入。警察开枪了，只是导致了4名工人的死亡。这个事件称之为“干草市场屠杀”事件。按照中国政府给出的死亡人数，中国的军人“六·四”枪杀了近三百平民，还不算是屠杀？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我们认为解放军的“平暴”是“屠杀”不仅仅基于军人造成的伤亡的数字，而且还基于镇压的性质和镇压的对象等情况。历史资料表明，北京没有发生暴乱。那里发生的是得到多数中国共产党党员和普通中国公民支持的人民请愿运动。人民日报和中央电视台报道了北京百万人上街游行支持学生，要求中国当局与学生对话。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;《北京青年报》1989年5月19日第 1296期发表的调卷表示，90%的答卷者认为学生的运动是爱国民主运动并且参加或支持了运动。《中国妇女报》1989年5月19日第462号报道了两个妇女党员的心声。她们说：“北京大学生绝食请愿, 实在是万不得已。这恐怕是有史以来最伟大的爱国主义运动。但目前绝食已有六天 , 声援活动波及全国。这说明追求政治民主是民心所向,党心所向”。他们希望中共总书记和国务院总理“去进行真诚的对话”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中国共产党的最高领导人赵紫阳也要求通过对话协商来解决政治纠纷。人民的请愿是中国人民在解放思想改革开放的进程中和平的改革进程的一部分，本可以通过协商对话和全国人民代表大会制度的立法和监督程序予以解决。可是以邓小平为首的军事政治寡头于人民的呼声不顾，动用军队来阻断了这个和平和民主的进程。军队不合适地被拖入到国内和平的政治斗争中里，成为政治寡头镇压对立派的工具，1989年的中国军人扮演了政治斗争工具的不光彩的角色。让历史记住这个耻辱。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;军队参加戒严并向平民开火违背了军队的基本职责。中华人民共和国宪法第二十九条明文规定：“中华人民共和国的武装力量属于人民。它的任务是巩固国防，抵抗侵略，保卫祖国，保卫人民的和平劳动，参加国家建设事业，努力为人民服务。”宪法已经明确规定军队属于人民，主要职责是抵抗侵略。宪法在这里没有赋予军队参与党内政治斗争解决人民政治请愿的职责，甚至都没有提到“维护社会秩序”或“制止动乱”的职责。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1989年的中国军人违背了军队的政治领导的基本原则。军队本身没有也不能有其政治决策功能。它是一部机器，由国家的政治机关决定。中国的中央军事委员会主席只是国家军事机器的一个指挥者或操纵者，他受制于中共中央，也就是说“党指挥枪”，也受制于“全国人民代表大会”，即军队属于人民。宪法规定“中央军事委员会主席对全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责”（宪法第94条）。可是，中共中央总书记赵紫阳因为反对戒严从5月19日后就被软禁。全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员长万里却“因病”被滞留在上海，目的是不让全国人民代表大会常务委员会开会来决定人民的请愿。当时有57名全国人大常委会委员签名的一份公开信呼吁立即召开全国人大常委紧急会议。人们还呼吁“每一位全国人大常委会委员，每一位全国人大代表，投下神圣的一票，废除戒严令，罢免李鹏总理职务”。尽管全国人大紧急会议可能不会召开，人民仍然期待预定的6月20日的全国人大常委会会议来讨论“罢免李鹏”和“取消戒严”的议案。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;国家军事委员会主席邓小平害怕用这个合法程序来解决政治问题。于是，他要先用武力将请愿运动镇压下去，在没有反对声音的情况下召开全国人大常委会议。人民的代议机关在这里只是个列宁所批判的“橡皮图章”和投票机器。人民的合法和和平政治诉求的进程在军队的枪声下停止了。国家军事委员会主席凌驾于中共中央和全国人民代表大会之上。这是违背宪法，违背人民意志的暴政。人民对这种暴政的反抗是正义之举，符合联合国的宪章和中国承认的《世界人权宣言》，也符合中国的宪法。对这种正义和合法行为的镇压就是“屠杀”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有人会说，中国军人在1989年6月4日是向戒严的抵抗者开枪，他们是为了协助戒严以恢复北京的正常秩序。首先这是假定，因为中国当局当时明确宣布军队强行进驻北京是因为北京市从6月3日凌晨起发生了“反革命暴乱”。这就是说，第一，这个公告排除了6月3日之前所谓的违法“动乱”活动是暴力活动，如示威或游行。第二，军队是来“平暴”的，“暴乱”已经发生在先。他们不是镇压“戒严”的抵抗者。这里中国当局公告的因果关系非常清楚。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;即便如此，军队授权执行戒严命令的过程本身缺乏合法性。中国当时没有戒严法。1996年的《戒严法》对于军队介入戒严作了两点明确的限制性规定。一是“戒严任务由人民警察、人民武装警察执行；必要时，国务院可以向中央军事委员会提出，由中央军事委员会决定派出人民解放军协助执行戒严任务”（第八条）。二是“执行戒严任务的人民解放军，在戒严指挥机构的统一部署下，由中央军事委员会指定的军事机关实施指挥”(第十条)。这就是说，戒严是国内民事行为，非军事行为。部队的介入是基于国务院的要求，戒严军队要在政府的戒严指挥机构的统一部署下。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我们虽然不能用1996年的标准衡量中国军队在1989年参与戒严的法律问题，但是，1996年的戒严法的基本原则以及军队在戒严中的作用在1989年就已经存在。否则，1996年的戒严法就是对1989年军队参加戒严并向平民开火的否定。当时国家副主席和中央军委副主席兼秘书长杨尚昆本说“戒严是为了协助首都武警、公安干警执行任务，绝对不是针对学生”。这就是承认了 96年戒严法的基本原则。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;大量的证据说明，1989年中国军人来北京不是来协助戒严，而是来镇压国内政治反对派的。首先，一些军队在4月底就已经开始调往北京。第38军已经全副武装地向北京开发。这说明，军队早在戒严前就准备镇压学生运动了，他们不是来协助戒严的。第二，李鹏宣布戒严的时候，没有正式要求军队戒严，更没有提出和邀请解放军参与戒严及其阐明军队介入的必要性。他提到的几点“动乱”的状况，不足以说明现有的警察和武装警察不能维持治安，非要全副武装军队的协助。作为中央军事委员会主席的邓小平没有正式公布其命令军队戒严的合理性、必要性和法律程序。第三，1989年5月19日李鹏宣布在北京部分地区戒严的第二天，北京突然出现了一个“中国人民解放军戒严指挥部”。按理，戒严指挥部是国务院和北京市的政府人员组成，军队的戒严指挥部应当是这个政府戒严指挥部的一部分。可是当时没有政府的戒严指挥部，由军队的戒严指挥部取而代之。第四，即便当时军队介入有必要性，军队也没有必要全副武装并由坦克开道。北京当时没有任何非法武装或暴力事件。军队完全没有必要全副武装。可是他们武装到了牙齿。以上几点说明，所有军队的介入完全是邓小平为首的政治寡头们摆脱“党的领导”和“全国人大”的监督所做出的决定，目的就是镇压学生运动以及支持学生的平民。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“六·四”屠杀后，当局自己对“六·四”的总结教训本身就意味当局对军队向民众开枪的否定。江泽民接受美国广播公司访问时说：“我们应当从这件事中吸取一些教训，正如中国一句谚语所说的‘吃一堑，长一智’”。他指防暴应由警察负责，而非军队，有必要进行更好的防暴训练，并使用橡胶子弹等非致命武器。江泽民讲的“吃一堑”当然指的是军队介入和开枪就是挫折和错误。“长一智”就是当局不再敢对以后的群众运动用全副武装的军队来对付。这说明，他们不敢在一个简单的正义原则面前继续作恶。这个简单的正义原则就是：军队不能对非武装的群众开枪。他们现在不敢直接地说“六·四”是屠杀，那不过是利益所在而已。正义早已在人民心中，他们只不过是在那里躲躲闪闪。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;七 戒严是非法之举&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1989年5月19日中共中央、国务院召开党政干部大会，宣布对北京部分地区戒严。戒严令是以国务院的名义决定的，由总理李鹏签署发布。戒严的理由是北京发生了严重的动乱。如前所述，戒严的理由本身不足，因为北京没有发生动乱。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;国务院的戒严令的决定过程也不符合当时的法律。中国宪法规定，国务院可以决定省、自治区、直辖市范围内的部分地区戒严。在这里，宪法规定的是“国务院”的职权，而不是总理的职权。国务院由总理、副总理、国务委员、各部部长、审计长和秘书长组成。虽然宪法规定国务院实行总理负责制，但是宪法同时规定总理、副总理、国务委员、秘书长组成国务院常务会议。《中华人民共和国国务院组织法》第四条规定“国务院工作中的重大问题，必须经国务院常务会议或者国务院全体会议讨论决定”。这说明中国的总理不是西方分权理论下的行政首脑只对议会负责，在行政权范围内享有排他性的独断权力。中国宪法要求中国总理实行民主集中制，对于重大问题要经过集体讨论。这点被他们自己誉为有特色的社会主义政治制度。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;对中国的首都北京部分地区实行戒严无论如何都是法律规定中的“ 重大问题”，依法要经过国务院常务会议或全体会议讨论决定。但是，1989年5月当时的国务院总理李鹏在颁布在北京部分地区实行戒严的时候，没有经过国务院常务会议或全体会议讨论决定。这一点，可以通过查阅1989年5月的《国务院公报》来证实。那里没有国务院常务会议或全体会议开会的纪录。可见，李鹏的决定只是自己根据中央军委主席邓小平等几个人做出的，没有经过合法的程序。人民对于这种非法之举当然可以向全国人大常委会请愿，要求废止之。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;八 北京市“游行示威十条”是对表达自由的限制&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;北京市人民代表大会常务委员会在1986年12月26日通过并于次日颁布了《北京市关于游行示威的若干暂行规定》。这个规定共有十条，故简称“游行示威十条”或“十条”。有人用这“十条”来谴责参与1989年游行示威的人，同时为军队镇压找借口。这是站不住脚的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这“十条”是在1986年底北京学潮高潮期间出台的，其内容是对宪法规定的人民的表达自由的限制，超越了宪法赋予地方人大的权限。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“ 十条”中除了空头的讲“公民依法举行的游行、示威，本市各级人民政府予以保护”外，其它都是限制性的规定。其中的最大限制是无所不包的抽象条款：“违反宪法、法律规定，损害国家的、社会的、集体的利益和其他公民的合法的自由和权利”。换句话说，政府当局可以以上条款，否定任何游行的申请，而不予加以说明，也不受其他任何机关审查。它规定了申请制度，却没有规定复议制度。可见申请制度是单方面的，实际上“十条”只是授予政府有不批准的的权力，没有给游行申请者对“不准游行”决定的复议权。换句话说，政府让你游行你就游行，不让你游行，你就不能游行。人民哪还有什么游行的自由。它还规定“人民大会堂、中南海、钓鱼台国宾馆和首都机场的周围不许可游行、示威”。这是最荒唐的规定。这些地方是公共地方，就是人民实施表达自由的地方。这个限制也师出无法，没有任何法律的授权。可见，这“十条”走得多远。其他的限制不一而足。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“十条”本属越权无效。中国是单一制的国家，不是联邦制国家的分权体制。中国的立法权在全国人民代表大会和它的常务委员会。所有的法律渊源都来自全国人大。地方人大的法规只能是为执行法律而依据授权来制定的细则。国务院的法规在地方法规之上。故在中国的立法上，中央和地方只有原则和细则之分，没有立法权排他性的划分。地方人大无权直接制定出限制宪法规定的人民自由的地方性法规。中国宪法规定了人民游行示威的自由。到1989年10月为止，中国国家立法机关和国务院没有制定具体的法律和法规限制游行示威自由。所以，北京市人大常委会的“十条”规定，超越了全国人大和国务院直接限制宪法的规定，本属越权。越权无效，这是基本的法律原则。人们提出请愿取消这个规定，是中国宪法赋予的基本权利。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“六·四”屠杀后，中国当局在几个月之内（1989年10月31日）就制定了游行示威法。这说明，中国当局认识到了“十条”的越权问题，实际上否定了“十条”。这个“十条”也在新的法律出台后作废了。因此我们不能以“十条”为标准指控北京学生和市民们的游行示威为非法，更不能以此作为解放军屠杀的理由。即便按照“十条”为标准说游行示威者为非法，那也不是解放军屠杀人民的理由。这是一个基本的道义底线。人民有“和平不服从”的权利。否则人民就不能够突破社会不公和政府对人民自由的限制以及非法之法，社会正义就无法实现。我们也就无法理解过去的奴隶何以成为今天社会平等的一员。这是自然之法，正义之法。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;九 20年的反思&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“六·四”屠杀后，当年参与请愿的学生领袖们不停地在反思和检讨。他们在反思，也许当初不应当绝食，也许当初应当早点撤离广场，也许他们做点什么可以缓和和政府的冲突，避免屠杀……&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这种反思是必要的，但是我们的反思离不开当时的历史环境。学生们不是职业政治家。他们的热情是社会生机活泼走向发展的必需。他们的怒吼实际上是那个时代的怒吼。人民在压抑之中，他们也要怒吼。“大学生万岁”和百万人自发的上街支持，是那个时代人民给与他们的肯定。今天大多数参与者和支持者并没有否定自己。屠杀和他们的错误（如果有错误的话），是不能相提并论的。当年的学生领袖王丹的如下说法是客观和准确的：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;八九年那场轰轰烈烈的民主运动，绝不是几个所谓“学生领袖”可以代表的，不能因个别领导人的问题，而抹杀广大学生参与运动的正义性；更不能因为反思学生运动的得失，而掩盖政府犯下的屠杀罪行。如果学生有策略上的错误，那么政府犯下的是罪恶，两者根本不是同一层次上的问题，因而不容混淆”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;反过来看，政府有什么反思呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;从 1895年康有为率同梁启超等数千名举人的“公车上书”事件到1989年的以学生为先导的人民请愿运动，中国人民经历近百年的外患内乱，大小学潮也以百记。可是，无论从清朝政府，袁世凯，徐世昌、段祺瑞和曹锟等北洋军阀政府，到蒋介石国民党政府，他们都知道“镇压学生，千古罪人”。所以，百年学潮中，只有1989年的学潮遭到共产党军队的屠杀。这是人民的悲哀，共产党人的耻辱。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;天安门屠杀20年过去了，中国人民在自由权利方面不仅没有得到任何进步，而且其条件比1989年还要后退。中国的政治犯和思想犯在过去20年有增无减。到今天为止，他们还关押着非政府组织者胡佳和“08宪章”的推动者刘晓波。为了控制人民的思想，政府自90年代起就花大钱在网络上设立防火墙，设立网络警察，以此来蒙住人民的眼睛，塞住人民的耳朵，和堵住人们的嘴巴。在信仰自由方面，不仅西藏人民受到了控制，内地人民一样遭到了限制甚至镇压或受到虐待，其中包括法轮功修炼者自1999年7月以来所遭受到的镇压和磨难。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;20年前人们提出的反官倒反腐败的请愿诉求，到今天不但没有得到解决，甚至腐败大有越演越烈的趋势。不论中国杀了多少高官，腐败在中国得不到遏制。反腐败还只是共产党的纪律部门控制的事情。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;没有人民的言论自由和民主权利，政府得不到有效的监督，腐败就得不到有效的控制。所以，我们还是要回到20年前学生们提出的请愿，将反腐败和争自由联系在一起。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有人试图用这20年的中国经济发展为20年前的屠杀辩护。这种思维方式本身是错误的。就如同一个杀人犯不能以他20年后的经济上的贡献而抹煞20年前杀人的犯罪性质一样，今天中国政府的某些进步不能证明过去行为的正确性，就如同今天的共产党人不能否定其在文革十年中犯下的罪行一样。另外，今天中国的经济发展，是中国1979年开始的改革开放政策的继续，其中有在“六·四”前后被废黜的共产党总书记胡耀邦和赵紫阳不可磨灭的功劳。如果“六·四”没有屠杀，中国一样会进步。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;如果说“六·四”事件对中国以后的经济发展有什么作用的话，那就是它给中国共产党政府上了一个“紧箍咒”。“六·四”屠杀后，大多数中国人民否定了共产党执政的合法性。如果说过去人们还拥护共产党，毛泽东去世的时候许多人是真心地痛哭的话，那么“六·四”屠杀后人们已经是被动地接收一个强加的统治事实。“六·四”屠杀也让共产党背负着血债，所以执政党有了强烈的执政危机。人民成了唐僧，政府当局如同孙猴子。他们干不好，人民就会念经，使得他们头痛欲裂。于是他们知道，他们做不好就要下台或者再开枪。这种执政危机一方面使当局加强镇压反对派，一方面激励他们搞好经济发展工作。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;当然“六·四”后的执政危机意识也使中国的执政党变成了一个自私党，即它将自己的执政地位凌驾于人民的福祉之上。这就是共产党最大的利益。一个执政党自有了本身的利益，那么社会的经济发展和人民的福利就会受到损害。同时也不排除共产党在危机的时候再杀人的可能性。为防止再流血，我们还得解开“六·四”这个结。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;十 结论：没有结束的请愿&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;虽然从6月3日晚解放军在北京向平民开了第一枪始，就善恶已定，我们仍然要求中国政府，如果是一个负责任的政府，对“六·四”事件进行全面和公开的调查，并公布于众，让那些死于屠杀之下的灵魂得以安息，让20年来社会和人们为此受到的创伤得以安抚。为此，我们将天安门母亲的诉求作为我们的诉求：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;（一）“六四”大屠杀是一场反人类的暴行，决非政府所说的“平息反革命暴乱”。因此，当年在邓小平主持下对“六四”事件所作的定性必须彻底推翻，并给予重新评价。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;（二）“天安门母亲”认为，公正、合理地解决“六四”问题，必须满足如下三项要求，即：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1，由全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成专门的“六四”事件调查委员会，对整个“六四”事件进行独立、公正、公开的调查，并向全国人民公布调查结果，包括公布此次事件中的死者名单及人数；&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2，由全国人大常委会责成政府有关部门按法定程序就每一位死者对其亲属作出公开道歉；由全国人大常委会制定并通过专项的“六四事件受害者赔偿法案”，依法给予“六四”受害者及受害亲属相应的赔偿；&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3，由全国人大常委会责成检察机关对“六四”惨案立案侦查，按法定程序追究责任者的法律责任。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“说出真相 拒绝遗忘 寻求正义 呼唤良知”，这是受难者家属的呼唤，也是全体有良知的中国人的呼唤。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;□　一读者推荐&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;相关链接：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CND８９六·四纪念馆&lt;br /&gt;http://museums.cnd.org/China89/&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;日期 09-03-19 09:08&lt;br /&gt;专题: 华夏快递&lt;br /&gt;文章的URL: http://my.cnd.org/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=22095&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-3134331164558336246?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/3134331164558336246/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=3134331164558336246&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/3134331164558336246'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/3134331164558336246'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/20.html' title='“六·四”天安门事件20周年'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-8336110542037805321</id><published>2009-03-20T07:11:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-03-20T07:12:25.781-05:00</updated><title type='text'>IBM's workforce</title><content type='html'>in U.S. declines in '08 but grows overseas&lt;br /&gt;Company's overall workforce increased slightly last year&lt;br /&gt;Patrick Thibodeau&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;March 19, 2009 (Computerworld) The number of workers that IBM employs in the U.S. declined by about 5% last year, but the company's overall head count is increasing because of overseas hiring.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IBM finished 2008 with 115,000 U.S. employees, down from the 121,000 it reported at the end of 2007, according to its most recent annual report released this month. Overall, IBM finished 2008 with 398,455 employees worldwide, an increase of nearly 12,000, or about 3%.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 2007, IBM said it had 98,000 employees in Brazil, China, India and Russia, but that number increased by 15% to 113,000 last year. Most of those employees are in India.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IBM continues to cite the U.S. as the country with its largest workforce, but it is not providing a breakout of head count for India, which may well be the second-largest country for employment. In 2007, IBM said it had 74,000 workers in India.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IBM's head count could change substantially if it buys Sun Microsystems Inc. or another company this year.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sun employed 34,900 worldwide last year, but recently announced reductions of as many as 6,000 employees. Both companies are reportedly in merger talks. The two companies have neither confirmed nor denied the reports.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IBM recently instituted a program for employees in the U.S. to take jobs overseas, but if they choose to go, these employees would be paid at local rates, not at U.S. wage levels.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IBM has had about 4,000 layoffs in the U.S. this year, according to the union Alliance at IBM.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-8336110542037805321?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/8336110542037805321/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=8336110542037805321&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/8336110542037805321'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/8336110542037805321'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/ibms-workforce.html' title='IBM&apos;s workforce'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-1969880665631085455</id><published>2009-03-17T07:26:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2009-03-17T07:26:50.253-05:00</updated><title type='text'>China Gains Key Assets In Spate of Purchases</title><content type='html'>Oil, Minerals Are Among Acquisitions Worldwide&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By Ariana Eunjung Cha&lt;br /&gt;Washington Post Foreign Service&lt;br /&gt;Tuesday, March 17, 2009; A01&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SHANGHAI -- Chinese companies have been on a shopping spree in the past month, snapping up tens of billions of dollars' worth of key assets in Iran, Brazil, Russia, Venezuela, Australia and France in a global fire sale set off by the financial crisis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The deals have allowed China to lock up supplies of oil, minerals, metals and other strategic natural resources it needs to continue to fuel its growth. The sheer scope of the agreements marks a shift in global finance, roiling energy markets and feeding worries about the future availability and prices of those commodities in other countries that compete for them, including the United States.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Just a few months ago, many countries were greeting such overtures from China with suspicion. Today, as corporations and banks in other parts of the world find themselves reluctant or unable to give out money to distressed companies, cash-rich China has become a major force driving new lending and investment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On Feb. 12, China's state-owned metals giant Chinalco signed a $19.5 billion deal with Australia's Rio Tinto that will eventually double its stake in the world's second-largest mining company.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In three other cases, China has used loans as a way of securing energy supplies. On Feb. 17 and 18, China National Petroleum signed separate agreements with Russia and Venezuela under which China would provide $25 billion and $4 billion in loans, respectively, in exchange for long-term commitments to supply oil. And on Feb. 19, the China Development Bank struck a similar deal with Petrobras, the Brazilian oil company, agreeing to a loan of $10 billion in exchange for oil.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On Saturday, Iran announced that it had signed a $3.2 billion agreement with a Chinese consortium to develop an area beneath the Persian Gulf seabed that is believed to hold about 8 percent of the world's reserves of natural gas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even as global financial flows have slowed sharply overall, China has dramatically stepped up its outbound investment. In 2008, its overseas mergers and acquisitions were worth $52.1 billion -- a record, according to the research firm Dealogic. In January and February of this year, Chinese companies invested $16.3 billion abroad, meaning that if the pace holds, the total for 2009 could be nearly double last year's.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Worldwide, the value of mergers and acquisitions transactions so far this year has dropped 35 percent to $384 billion. By comparison, the United States had $186.2 billion in outbound mergers and acquisitions in 2008 and Japan had $74.3 billion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;China's state-run media outlets are calling the acquisition spree an opportunity that comes once in a hundred years, and analysts are drawing parallels to 1980s Japan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"That China started investing or acquiring some overseas mineral resources companies with relatively low prices during the global economic crisis is quite a normal practice. Japan did the same thing in its prime development period, too," said Xu Xiangchun, consulting director for Mysteel.com, a market research and analysis firm.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It's not just Chinese corporations that are taking advantage of the economic crisis to help others while helping themselves.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Chinese government also has come to the rescue of ailing countries, such as Jamaica and Pakistan, that it wants as allies, extending generous loans. Even Chinese consumers are taking their money abroad. In a shopping trip last month organized by an online real estate brokerage, a group of 50 individual investors from China traveled to New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco to purchase homes at prices that have crashed since the subprime crisis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"As soon as we launched the project, we had 100 people registered and ready to go," said Dai Jianzhong, chief executive of SouFun Holdings, which organized the trip. "Now the number has reached 400. Apparently, the American real estate market has a great appeal to Chinese buyers."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;China's Commerce Ministry organized a similar shopping expedition -- but for Chinese companies to visit foreign companies -- the week of Feb. 25. Commerce Minister Chen Deming took with him about 90 executives, who signed contracts worth about $10 billion in Germany, $400,000 in Switzerland, $320 million in Spain and $2 billion in Britain. The deals were mostly for the purchase of goods, including olive oil, 3,000 Jaguars and 10,000 Land Rovers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Commerce Ministry said Monday that it intends to send more investment missions abroad this year. Although details are still being worked out, the itineraries will probably include the United States, Japan and Southeast Asia, the ministry said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Foreign automakers may be next on China's acquisitions list.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On Feb. 23, Weichai Power, a diesel engine company, said it would spend about $3.8 million to acquire the products, technology and brand of France's Moteurs Baudouin, which designs and manufactures marine propulsive equipment such as engines and propellers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That was a relatively small deal, but Chen Bin, director general of the National Development and Reform Commission's Department of Industry, hinted that larger acquisitions may be in the works. He noted on the sidelines of a news conference on the economy late last month that overseas car companies are facing cash difficulties at the same time their Chinese counterparts "need their technology, brands, talent and sales networks."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"It will be a very big challenge for Chinese companies to stabilize the operations of foreign automakers and to maintain growth," Chen acknowledged, according to the official People's Daily, but he added that if the companies decide to acquire such assets, "the government will support them."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The one country that appears conspicuously absent from China's corporate bargain-hunting spree is the United States.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many Chinese investors are still stung by the memory of China National Offshore Oil's 2005 attempt to buy a stake in the U.S. energy company Unocal. The deal fell apart after U.S. lawmakers expressed concern about the national security implications of China controlling some of the country's oil resources.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Xiong Weiping, president of Chinalco, whose bid for a larger stake in Rio Tinto is China's biggest outbound investment to date, has taken measures to address concerns as scrutiny of that deal has increased. The deal will be put to a shareholder vote in May or June and must also be approved by Australia's Foreign Investment Review Board.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At a news briefing in Sydney on March 2, Xiong assured the country that Chinalco is not seeking a majority share of the mining giant and that its management and corporate strategy would not change. Xiong emphasized that "the transaction will in no way lead to any control of the natural resources of Australia."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zha Daojiong, an energy researcher at Peking University, said Chinese companies feel they may be discriminated against in the United States because of the mistaken perception that they are all state-owned or state-directed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Foreigners question these companies' intentions and tend to link their moves with government instructions," Zha said, "but I should say it is really hard to tell whether this is true nor not."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Researchers Wang Juan and Liu Liu in Beijing contributed to this report.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-1969880665631085455?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/1969880665631085455/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=1969880665631085455&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/1969880665631085455'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/1969880665631085455'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/china-gains-key-assets-in-spate-of.html' title='China Gains Key Assets In Spate of Purchases'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-6703063765651190897</id><published>2009-03-17T06:35:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2009-03-17T06:35:50.908-05:00</updated><title type='text'>China Exploits Path to Growth</title><content type='html'>March 17, 2009&lt;br /&gt;In Downturn, China Exploits Path to Growth&lt;br /&gt;By KEITH BRADSHER&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;GUANGZHOU, China — The global economic downturn, and efforts to reverse it, will probably make China an even stronger economic competitor than it was before the crisis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;China, the world’s third-largest economy behind the United States and Japan, had already become more assertive; now it is exploiting its unusual position as a country with piles of cash and a strong banking system, at a time when many countries have neither, to acquire natural resources and make new friends.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Last week, China’s prime minister, Wen Jiabao, even reminded Washington that as one of the United States’ biggest creditors, China expects Washington to safeguard its investment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;China’s leaders are turning economic crisis to competitive advantage, said economic analysts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The country is using its nearly $600 billion economic stimulus package to make its companies better able to compete in markets at home and abroad, to retrain migrant workers on an immense scale and to rapidly expand subsidies for research and development.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Construction has already begun on new highways and rail lines that are likely to permanently reduce transportation costs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And while American leaders struggle to revive lending — in the latest effort with a $15 billion program to help small businesses — Chinese banks lent more in the last three months than in the preceding 12 months.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“The recent tweaks to the stimulus package indicate a sharper focus on the long-term competitiveness of Chinese industry,” said Eswar S. Prasad, a former China division chief at the International Monetary Fund. “Higher expenditures on education and research and development, along with amounts already committed to infrastructure investment, will boost the economy’s productivity.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The international economicslowdown is also doing some things that Chinese authorities had tried and failed to do for four years: slow inflation, reverse what had been an ever-growing dependence on exports and pop a real estate bubble before it could grow even bigger.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The recession in most of the large economies in the world is inflicting real pain here — causing a record plunge in Chinese exports, putting 20 million migrant workers from within China out of their jobs and raising the potential for increased and sustained social unrest. But as President Hu Jintao told the National People’s Congress last week, “Challenge and opportunity always come together — under certain conditions, one could be transformed into the other.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To that end, Chinese companies are shopping for foreign businesses to acquire. The commerce ministry announced late Monday that it was greatly easing the government approval process for Chinese companies seeking permission to make foreign acquisitions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The ministry is now leading its first mergers and acquisitions delegation of corporate executives to Europe; the executives are looking at companies in the automotive, textiles, food, energy, machinery, electronics and environmental protection sectors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The government initiatives coincide with some immediate benefits of the slowdown for China. For instance, air freight and ocean shipping costs have plunged by as much as two-thirds since last summer as demand has fallen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Blue-collar wages, which had doubled in four years in some coastal cities, have fallen for many workers this winter, causing personal pain but reviving China’s advantage in labor costs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unemployment has pushed down the piece rates that factories pay for each garment sewn or toy assembled. Overtime has practically disappeared.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lao Shu-jen, a migrant worker from Jiangxi province who works at a blue jeans factory here, said that he earned $350 a month late last year but would be lucky to earn $220 a month this spring.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“There are a lot of blue jeans” piling up in the back of the factory with no sign of buyers, he said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Highly qualified middle managers, in acutely short supply a year ago, are now widely available because of layoffs. They are likely to stay that way — although white-collar unemployment could pose a threat of social unrest. Limited job opportunities contributed to the Tiananmen Square protests 20 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some jobs are still available now. Four days after a shoe factory closed here for lack of orders, laying off several hundred workers, there were four ads on the factory’s front gate from other shoe factories seeking to hire skilled workers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unskilled laborers face the greatest difficulty finding jobs. But with subsidies from Beijing, provincial governments have embarked on large-scale vocational training programs of the sort that the United States has discussed but not actually tried.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Guangdong province alone, here in southeastern China, is quadrupling its vocational training program this year to teach four million workers engaged in three-month or six-month programs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The main comparable program in the United States, under the Workforce Investment Act, has been training fewer than 250,000 a year, although President Obama’s stimulus program provides funding that could double the number of American workers in training programs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Guangdong training programs are half in the classroom and half in the factory, usually the business that plans to employ the trainees. By increasing productivity, training programs can hold down corporate labor costs per unit of production for years to come.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;China’s huge training programs may also help preserve social stability by keeping the unemployed off the streets, although Chinese officials deny that is their intention.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Multinationals are cutting back less in China than elsewhere — and some are even expanding.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Intel is shutting down semiconductor production lines sooner than previously planned at older, smaller operations in Malaysia and the Philippines as it opens a large, new factory in Chengdu in western China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IMI Plc., the big British manufacturer of items as diverse as power plant valves and brewery equipment, has just announced an accelerated shift of operations to China, India and the Czech Republic, after cutting its global work force by 10 percent since December.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And Hon Hai, the 600,000-employee Taiwanese company that is one of the world’s largest contract manufacturers of products like the Apple iPhone and Nintendo Wii game console, has just increased employment by nearly 5 percent in China even as it cuts overall employment by 3 to 5 percent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yet China’s economy still has weaknesses. Little is being done to shift the economy away from a heavy reliance on capital spending and toward greater consumption. The social safety net of pensions, health care and education barely exists, so Chinese families save heavily.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Strict government policies on labor and the environment, intended to address serious shortfalls in both and imposed a year ago when China felt more confident of its economic strength, are prompting low-tech industries like toy manufacturing to move to other, less stringent countries.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Top labor officials insisted during the National People’s Congress that they would resist suggestions from some Chinese executives that the new standards be relaxed.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-6703063765651190897?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/6703063765651190897/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=6703063765651190897&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/6703063765651190897'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/6703063765651190897'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/china-exploits-path-to-growth.html' title='China Exploits Path to Growth'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-7723713515473803352</id><published>2009-03-16T09:31:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2009-03-16T09:37:35.400-05:00</updated><title type='text'>The State of the Data Storage Job Market</title><content type='html'>March 16, 2009&lt;br /&gt;By Drew Robb&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Storage professionals don't appear to be escaping the layoff craze unscathed — and data storage vendors themselves might just share part of the blame.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Like the rest of the economy, storage jobs are being lost, both within the companies that make data storage hardware and software and their customers. And there is some question whether vendor focus on automation and ease of use could be adding to the trend, making more experienced employees vulnerable and allowing specialists to be replaced by generalists.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But more on the broader issues later; first to the general state of the storage job market.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Organizations are downsizing, right-sizing or making other changes that have resulted in some head count reduction in or around storage, or staff getting caught up in number reduction scenarios," said Greg Schulz, senior analyst and founder of &lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;StorageIO Group.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vendors such as EMC (NYSE: EMC), HP (NYSE: HPQ), Sun (NASDAQ: JAVA), Seagate (NYSE: STX), Dell (NASDAQ: DELL), Western Digital (NYSE: WDC), Pillar Data and SanDisk (NASDAQ: SNDK) have all announced storage-related layoffs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the end user side, there is more of a mixed bag. SunGard Availability Services of Wayne, Pa., which provides data protection and collocation facilities to thousands of companies, reports that its customer base is experiencing a headcount loss of as much as 20 percent over the course of 2009.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fortunately for storage professionals, much of those job losses appear to be outside the storage perimeter. The five storage specialists at Pepperdine University in Malibu, Calif., are safe — at least for now. The school has cut its IT numbers from 105 to 95 in the past two years. Another 10 will probably go this year, but from other areas of IT.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We already have a lean storage shop and we won't be changing our personnel count there in the short term," said Tim Chester, CIO at Pepperdine.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason Williams, COO and CTO at Digitar Inc. of Boise, Idaho, said the company has "seen more specialized functionalities being cut and those responsibilities being absorbed by the remaining staff. Whereas before, there may have been a dedicated Exchange team, those people are now expected to help with the storage and database areas."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While storage jobs appear to be holding up in many areas, the news isn't so good for contractors. Chip Nickolett runs Comprehensive Consulting Solutions Inc. of Brookfield, Wisc. He has noticed many cutbacks in recent months. He pointed out, though, that relatively few of the cutbacks have been on the operational side.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"In many cases, contractors are being released and staff is being tasked with doing more," said Nickolett. "Although it is resulting in project delays and longer work days, I haven't seen many complaints since people are just happy to still be working."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Rise of the IT Generalist&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the positive side, there are storage jobs out there, according to Schulz. He points to the job listings on LinkedIn, Twitter and other message boards, as well as the word on the street.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"I'm hearing of organizations looking for staff, particularly in more specialized skills and hands-on roles, including cross-functional areas such as storage/virtualization, server and storage performance/capacity planning, networking/storage, mainframe/open systems and other combinations," he said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He sees the beginning of a trend toward IT generalists — people with a broader background that spans servers, storage, networking, hardware and software are much in demand, although more so based on actual experience than general familiarity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Williams confirms this. His company makes a point of hiring mainly generalists, and he believes that companies will adopt this in the near term because of financial constraints.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Generalists bring new perspectives to siloed problem areas of storage that were simply not in the vocabulary of the specialists," said Williams. "As a result, I think we'll see a trend toward generalist initially driven by financial concerns, adopted even more strongly due to the innovative solutions that start coming out of the IT department."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chester, too, embraces the trend. He prefers people with a wider range in IT so he can train them on the specific tasks and technologies they need to know. He points to such assets as strong communication skills, project implementation, teamwork and a process orientation as some of the key areas that must augment technical talent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The most valuable employees have a broad base of technical skills and also bring versatility via analysis, project management and business process management know-how," said Chester. "This has been the trend for some time and the economy is only accelerating it."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mark Peters, an analyst with Enterprise Strategy Group, has also spotted the move toward the IT generalist. He thinks this trend will continue for some time as it's not just born of economic necessity, but by the blurring of infrastructure tools. The advent of blades, for example, has led to the introduction of storage blades that can even host some applications if required. Further, virtualization is likely to extend this. Provisioning could one day be done on one screen without the need for any kind of specialist intervention.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"What is abundantly clear — and has been advancing even before the recent economic calamity — is that there are fewer storage specialists in all but the largest shops," said Peters. "Storage through the mid-sized organizations is very often both a part-time and shared occupation."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nickolett sees staffing levels remaining flat or decreasing. As people leave, they just aren't being replaced. "There are enough skilled and unemployed people out there that I wouldn't expect to see this type of generalist trend in the next six to nine months," he said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another naysayer is Chris Beck, network administrator for the City of Fontana, Calif. His department just lost one full-time help desk technician and two interns. Fortunately, upper management has realized that new projects must slow down due to this, so work won't be increasing as much as it has in the past.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"If a second round of layoffs were to hit, I see generalist positions being laid off first, with the specialists being asked to pick up the workload," said Beck.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Are IT Specialists Endangered?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One technology that could make IT jobs more vulnerable is automation — the ability to automate tasks that were once done manually, and in some cases, apply the experiences of a large number of users automatically. Just listen to this sales pitch from Symantec (NASDAQ: SYMC) for Veritas Operations Services:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By tracking best practices, optimal configurations, hardware compatibility lists and software compatibility lists for Veritas Storage Foundation, Veritas Cluster Server, common operating systems and storage area network (SAN) software and firmware, the service identifies data center risks and issues alerts that include remediation steps. Symantec says the technology can make "a new person as effective as a 10-year veteran."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vendors working on automation technologies emphasize that they are intended to free up high-level employees for strategically important business initiatives, but in a down economy with high job losses, it's not hard to imagine them being put to another use.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;EMC, HP, NetApp (NASDAQ: NTAP) and startup Continuity Software are among the companies working on automation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Is it possible, then, that the storage or IT specialist could go the way of the dinosaur? Schulz, for one, says no.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"This does not mean specialists will go away," he said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The automation efforts of recent years have taken some of the long-term stability out of such fields as backup, storage management and provisioning. But the dream of point and click storage is still a long way off. It may be another decade or more before the hype around automation catches up with reality.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even so, those with highly specialized abilities in fields like Fibre Channel, backup and tape administration would be advised not to rest on their laurels. It might be a smart career move for IT employees to add wider experience to their resumes as a way of convincing job cutters to leave them alone and to increase their attractiveness in the event that they wind up back on the job market.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Storage specialists should look at expanding their horizons and skill sets to maintain a competitive edge in environments that are shifting to more virtualized infrastructures where interdependencies increase," said Schulz.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-7723713515473803352?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/7723713515473803352/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=7723713515473803352&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/7723713515473803352'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/7723713515473803352'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/state-of-data-storage-job-market.html' title='The State of the Data Storage Job Market'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-5926444123097711855</id><published>2009-03-16T09:22:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-03-16T09:23:17.399-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Layoff survival guide</title><content type='html'>Gerri gives her tips on making the most out of the benefits available to you, if you've received a pink slip.&lt;br /&gt;By Gerri Willis, CNN personal finance editor&lt;br /&gt;March 16, 2009&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NEW YORK (CNNMoney.com) -- Since the recession began, 4.4 million people have lost their jobs. Here are some steps on how you can survive a pink slip in this week's survival guide.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Your job number one here is to know your rights. You are due wages, including overtime or commission. Severance, sick time or vacation pay is at your employer's discretion. Policies will vary here.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you think your rights have been violated, call the Department of Labor at 866-4-USA-DOL.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Be sure to get all the public assistance you can -- the average worker is unemployed for five months -- but there's no guarantee how long it will take to find a new gig.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apply for jobless benefits -- they've been expanded to up to 33 weeks of benefits, and as much as 59 weeks for people living in states with high rates of joblessness.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You'll be paid roughly $325 a week and the first $2,400 will be exempt from federal taxes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Check out workforcesecurity.doleta.gov to find details for your state. Don't wait. It takes two to three weeks before benefits start.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The government maintains local career centers where you can go for advice. Go to careeronestop.org for details.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When it comes to health benefits, here's what you'll want to think about.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First try to get on a working family member's plan. You don't have to wait until open enrollment. This will be the cheapest option.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you can't get on someone else's plan, make sure to apply for COBRA benefits. COBRA benefits are simply an extension of your existing health insurance coverage, but the difference is that you pick up the tab.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The stimulus package includes some assistance from the federal government, which will pick up 65% of your COBRA premiums. Bear in mind how important this is because the number one cause of bankruptcy is high medical bills. Go to the Department of Labor's Web site at Dol.gov for more information on COBRA.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Got a question about jobs or unemployment? We want to hear from you. Send us an email and a picture and your question could be answered in an upcoming story on CNNMoney.com.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-5926444123097711855?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/5926444123097711855/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=5926444123097711855&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/5926444123097711855'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/5926444123097711855'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/layoff-survival-guide.html' title='Layoff survival guide'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-7292752397418170943</id><published>2009-03-14T10:08:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2009-03-14T10:08:38.918-05:00</updated><title type='text'>China Worried About U.S. Debt</title><content type='html'>Biggest Creditor Nation Demands A Guarantee&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By Anthony Faiola&lt;br /&gt;Washington Post Staff Writer&lt;br /&gt;Saturday, March 14, 2009; A01&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Exerting its new influence as the U.S. government's largest creditor, China yesterday demanded that the Obama administration "guarantee the safety" of its $1 trillion in American bonds as Washington goes further into debt to combat the economic crisis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chinese Premier Wen Jinbao made the demand at the end of the National People's Congress in Beijing at a time when relations between the two nations show fresh signs of strain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We have lent a huge amount of money to the U.S. Of course we are concerned about the safety of our assets," Wen said. "To be honest, I am definitely a little worried."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;China surpassed Japan last year as the largest foreign holder of Treasury bonds. Any indication that it intends to cease those purchases -- or, worse, stage a sell-off -- could drive up the cost of borrowing for the U.S. government, as well as send mortgage rates higher for millions of Americans.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That reality, experts say, has given China more leverage in its dealings with Washington, with some seeing Wen's comments yesterday as amounting to economic saber-rattling. The words came only days after a confrontation in international waters between a U.S. military ship and five Chinese vessels that sparked recriminations on both sides of the Pacific. Chinese officials have also signaled alarm over a growing "protectionist" sentiment in the U.S. Congress that could further endanger its exports, now in sharp decline as world demand spirals during the global economic crisis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Those circumstances illustrate the pitfalls the Obama administration is facing as it charts its relationship with China. In January, for instance, the administration signaled that it would confront Beijing on the manipulation of its currency, the yuan, which has been kept artificially low against the U.S. dollar, making Chinese products cheaper around the world. Critics call that one of the major factors behind the U.S. trade deficit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The power that China now has is that its actions are seen as a leading indicator of the confidence that foreign investors will have in the ability of the U.S. government to pay the debt," said Eswar Prasad, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. "These comments are saber-rattling in the sense that they are using that leverage to tell the U.S. to back off on currency policy and trade policy."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A number of Chinese officials have expressed concern about the future of Beijing's holdings of U.S. debt. American officials have sought to ease those concerns, effectively acknowledging the importance of China's role as Washington's banker. Last month, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton urged the Chinese to keep buying U.S. bonds. Asked about the increasingly jittery reaction in China to the rising U.S. debt, White House economic adviser Lawrence H. Summers yesterday defended the expensive policies that are forcing the nation to borrow a record $2.5 trillion this year, by White House estimates.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"In the short run, the need is to get the economy going again," Summers told a packed auditorium at the Brookings Institution, a Washington think tank. Summers acknowledged that fiscal stimulus and various financial-sector bailouts are forcing the nation to borrow massive sums, but the alternative, he said, would be much worse. "If deflation sets in, if the GDP collapses further . . . if that happens, the magnitude of the federal borrowing, as large as it is today, will be dwarfed. It will be far, far larger."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But concern is rising about the value of U.S. bonds. Though they remain the choice for investors seeking a safe haven in hard economic times, analysts are already murmuring about a possible downgrade on the rating of U.S. Treasurys in the future. The talk comes as Washington is issuing more debt and printing more dollars to stimulate the economy -- something that could bring down the value of the dollar in the months to come. That, in turn, would dilute the value of the U.S. dollar-denominated bonds held by the Chinese and other investors. Wen called on the United States to "maintain its good credit, to honor its promises and to guarantee the safety of China's assets."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wen, however, stopped far short of saying China would cease purchasing Treasurys. Although analysts say China may already be moving to curb some purchases of U.S. debt, any move to sell off its current holdings would severely deflate their value on world markets -- hurting the Chinese as well as the Americans. Years of red-hot growth have allowed China to build up the world's largest reserves -- some $2 trillion. But analysts say almost half are held in U.S.-government-backed debt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The White House sought to reassure global investors about the safety of U.S. Treasury securities. "There is no safer investment in the world than in the United States," White House spokesman Robert Gibbs said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Longer-term Treasurys weakened slightly in trading after Wen's comments about soaring U.S. debt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Additionally, it is not in China's interest to enter into economic confrontation with its largest client -- the United States -- particularly as its exports are in free fall worldwide. Though the Department of Commerce yesterday said the U.S. trade deficit narrowed 9.7 percent in January to its smallest level since October 2002, the deficit with China alone actually increased slightly, to $20.57 billion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"I think what they're trying to say right now is, 'Don't take any steps that would impair our ability to access your market,' " said Auggie Tantillo, executive director of the American Manufacturing Trade Action Coalition, an organization of U.S. businesses critical of China's trade policies. "The Chinese are starting to flex their muscles, they are becoming more powerful commercially and economically, and they want us to know it."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Staff writers Lori Montgomery in Washington and Ariana Eunjung Cha in Shanghai contributed to this report.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-7292752397418170943?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/7292752397418170943/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=7292752397418170943&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/7292752397418170943'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/7292752397418170943'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/china-worried-about-us-debt.html' title='China Worried About U.S. Debt'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-519237961319949548</id><published>2009-03-11T16:43:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2009-03-11T16:43:54.165-05:00</updated><title type='text'>House Swap  Safety Tips</title><content type='html'>Advertising your property for trade through the Internet is very similar to posting a "For Sale by Owner" sign in your yard or placing a classified ad in the newspaper. There is a small risk that a person inquiring about your property would not be a qualified buyer or could be someone you would rather not meet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is important to use common sense and follow simple safety precautions when meeting your potential trading partners for the first time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Exchange as much information as possible over the phone or through email before meeting anyone in person or scheduling house showings. Tips: you might want to ask for the other party's place of employment, personal references or verify the ownership of the property that is offered for trade.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When scheduling a house showing, arrange for a friend or family member to be present. Do not go to a stranger's house alone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Minimize the risk of potential mishaps when dealing with strangers by employing the services of a real estate agent. Once you have found a possible trading partner on our site, use your agent's help to guide you through the rest of the exchange process, from house showings to buyer qualification to negotiations and the final transaction. In exchange for a sales commission you will enjoy the same level of security as you would in a conventional real estate sale.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-519237961319949548?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/519237961319949548/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=519237961319949548&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/519237961319949548'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/519237961319949548'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/house-swap-safety-tips.html' title='House Swap  Safety Tips'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-5179490109599056241</id><published>2009-03-11T06:39:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2009-03-11T06:39:29.854-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Would-Be Protesters Pay a Price</title><content type='html'>In China, Would-Be Protesters Pay a Price&lt;br /&gt;Nation Had Promised Outlet During Games&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By Ariana Eunjung Cha&lt;br /&gt;Washington Post Foreign Service&lt;br /&gt;Wednesday, March 11, 2009; A01&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ZHANGZHOU, China -- When Ji Sizun heard that the Chinese government had agreed to create three special zones in Beijing for peaceful public protests during the 2008 Summer Olympics, he celebrated. He said in an interview at the time that he believed the offer was sincere and represented the beginning of a new era for human rights in China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ji, 59, a self-taught legal advocate who had spent 10 years fighting against corrupt officials in his home province of Fujian on China's southeastern coast, immediately packed his bags and was one of the first in line in Beijing to file his application to protest.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is now clear that his hope was misplaced.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the end, official reports show, China never approved a single protest application -- despite its repeated pledges to improve its human rights record when it won the bid to host the Games. Some would-be applicants were taken away by force by security officials and held in hotels to prevent them from filing the paperwork. Others were scared away by warnings that they could face "difficulties" if they went through with their applications.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ji has spent the past eight months in various states of arrest and detention. In January, he was sentenced to three years in prison, the maximum penalty allowed, on charges of faking official seals on documents he filed on behalf of his clients. Ji is appealing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His relatives and human rights groups argue that the entire court case was a farce -- a punishment for Ji's refusal to back down during the Olympics.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"It wasn't fair to arrest him like this. All he did was to help ordinary people get their voices heard. For that they threw some fake accusations at him," said his sister Ji Xiuzhuang, 63.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Only 77 applications were officially filed. Even so, all but three were subsequently withdrawn, the state-run New China News Agency said, after authorities "satisfactorily addressed" petitioners' concerns. Of the rest, two were rejected because the applicants did not provide adequate information, and the last because it violated China's laws on demonstrations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Since the Games in August, the situation for the Chinese citizens who had tried to apply for the Olympics permits has worsened, and some of the more outspoken applicants, such as Ji, have been harassed or detained.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Two women from Beijing in their late 70s, Wu Dianyuan and Wang Xiuying, were sentenced to a year of reeducation in a labor camp for protesting their forced eviction from their homes in 2001; the sentence was reduced and later rescinded, but the women said in an interview that they are being closely monitored by local police and that cameras have been installed outside their homes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tang Xuecheng, an entrepreneur in his 40s who had gone to Beijing to protest the government's seizure of his mining company, was detained by local officials and sent to a "mental hospital for mental health assessment," according to a public security official in his home town in Chenzhou city in Hunan province. Tang was released several months later.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zhong Ruihua, 62, and nine others from the industrial city of Liuzhou who tried to petition against property seizures were arrested and have been charged with disturbing the public order. Zhang Qiuping, Zhong Ruihua's youngest daughter, saw her mother for the first time since August on Feb. 23, during her trial.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"They put my mom under house arrest in different hotels for months and never showed us any official documents. . . . The prosecution said she was just having a 'study session.' What on earth is this kind of 'study session'? Which law says this is legal?" said Zhang, 28, a stay-at-home mother.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ji -- one of a growing legion of "barefoot lawyers," activists who take on cases for disenfranchised citizens but who don't hold law degrees -- is the first of the would-be protesters to be convicted of criminal charges.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The fifth of eight children born to a farming couple in this city on the southern edge of Fujian province, near the Taiwan Strait, Ji had been a talented writer as a child but stopped attending school in junior high when the Cultural Revolution began.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He later took jobs as a coal miner, a carpenter, a factory worker and, eventually, as China began capitalist-style economic reforms, a business development and marketing manager for a locally owned government enterprise. He never married or had children, preferring instead to devote his free time to his studies. He finished the Chinese equivalent of a GED and then a self-study college degree.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ji became obsessed with the public library in Fuzhou, the capital of Fujian province. He would spend hours there reading about political theory, justice and the law. Ji was a strong believer in the ideals of Mao Zedong and communism, and he had become angry that this dream was being corrupted by unscrupulous public officials who were stealing from the public.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But at his core, Ji was an optimist and believed that change was possible from within the system. He decided he would learn the letter of the law so that he could help laobaixing, or ordinary people, deal with their grievances. He took on cases for free and lived on 3 yuan, less than 50 cents, a day.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Starting in 2000, he began to gain fame in his area after he won case after case against officials who had illegally detained citizens, mafialike gangs that tried to pressure villagers to leave their land and a mining and steel factory that was polluting the local environment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He was so successful that his family became worried that his freelance legal work would eventually land him in jail if he crossed the wrong person. "I would tell him to stop what he's doing. I said, 'You don't even have a lawyer's certificate,' " his sister said. She said his biggest weakness as a legal advocate was the very thing that drove him: his faith in the rule of law.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When Ji went to Beijing in August armed with carefully prepared documents about a dozen local cases -- including one about a man who died in detention and others about illegal land seizures -- he was convinced that because China had passed a law allowing him to file a protest application, nothing bad could come of it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He had recently been evicted from his home office in Fuzhou on suspicion of trying to incite people to petition in Beijing, friends said, but even then he didn't waver from his conviction that China's central government would keep its promises to allow public dissent during the Games, according to his sisters and friends.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the way to the government offices in Beijing, Ji ran into a man named Tang Xuecheng on the bus. Tang said he was a businessman and had been having trouble with corrupt officials in his home town and was also going to hand in a protest application. They exchanged contact information and split up to check in at their respective hotels. Ji said Tang called him shortly afterward, saying that he had been arrested and to stay away from the public security bureau. Instead, Ji repeatedly went there to try to get authorities to accept his protest application and to demand that Tang be released, his lawyer said. On his third visit, on Aug. 11, Ji was intercepted by a delegation of government and security officials from Fujian province who told him to "stop making trouble and go back." Authorities sent him to Zhangzhou, where he had grown up, and then to Fuzhou, where he was put under house arrest. After one month in custody, he was formally charged with forging official documents and seals.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Since word of Ji's arrest leaked out, people whom he defended have rallied together to raise the equivalent of about $515 to pay some of his legal fees.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lin Lanying, a 58-year-old grocery store owner who knows Ji from the work he did on a compensation case following a traffic accident, said police came to her home in mid-September to look at documents and other belongings that Ji had left for safekeeping when he went to Beijing. She said she felt they were hunting around for something, anything they could use to charge him with a crime.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"He definitely never broke the law. He is not guilty. It's pure retaliation," Lin said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In a letter Ji wrote to his family in February from the No. 2 Detention House in Fuzhou, he said that despite his predicament, he has not lost faith in China's legal system.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Everything is fine here, please don't worry! Please believe that I only have done good rather than brought harm to our people and country. I will win the lawsuit in the end," Ji wrote.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His sister Ji Qiaozhuang said she has been surprised and disappointed by how he has been treated because he has never advocated controversial positions such as the end of one-party rule.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"He's not a revolutionary, a young man with anti-government feelings," she said. "He's an old man who just wants to help others. China needs people like him to progress."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Researchers Liu Liu and Wang Juan in Beijing contributed to this report.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-5179490109599056241?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/5179490109599056241/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=5179490109599056241&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/5179490109599056241'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/5179490109599056241'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/would-be-protesters-pay-price.html' title='Would-Be Protesters Pay a Price'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-7371263006989024548</id><published>2009-03-10T06:20:00.001-05:00</published><updated>2009-03-10T06:20:59.360-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Tibetan Ire: Mining</title><content type='html'>A Focus of Tibetan Ire: Mining&lt;br /&gt;As China Seeks to Suppress Unrest, Industry Fuels Additional Anger&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By Maureen Fan&lt;br /&gt;Washington Post Foreign Service&lt;br /&gt;Tuesday, March 10, 2009; A07&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;GANGCHA, China -- Sonam Dorje and his family live on a grassy slope a mile above one of the entrances to the Xiekeng Copper &amp; Gold Mine, which he and his neighbors in this Tibetan area blame for killing their livestock and reducing the amount of pasture available for grazing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Their sheep die when they drink tainted water flowing from the mine, or lick crushed ore left on the hillside, villagers say. Now there are reports that the mine will open another cave this year in the upper grassland above Dorje's home.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We are trying to think of every possible way to stop this. If we have to, we will carry stones and wood sticks to block the entrance as soon as they begin to dig again," he said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Chinese government is on high alert this week, bracing for the possibility of protests as Tibetans mark the 50th anniversary of a failed uprising. Communist Party officials have left nothing to chance, deploying paramilitary troops and plainclothes security, shutting down the Internet and text-messaging services, and stepping up propaganda against the Dalai Lama, the exiled Tibetan spiritual leader they brand a dangerous separatist. Last year at this time, monks in Lhasa, the capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region, staged protests that prompted a crackdown. More than 200 people were killed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But as the government focuses on suppressing political dissent this week, Tibetans are struggling with the economic conditions that help fuel their anger. Mining operations in Tibet and other nearby areas have been booming since the arrival of the Qinghai-Tibet rail line in 2006, bringing wealth to local governments and Chinese mine owners. But they have provided little benefit to local Tibetan farmers and nomads who say the mines scar mountains they consider sacred and kill the yaks and sheep they need in order to make a living. Protests by Tibetans against China's billion-dollar mining industry are expected to rise as mines closed for the winter begin to reopen as early as next week.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Last year, eight of my yaks died. They just fell down, foaming at the mouth," said Gompo Dondrup, a nomad and farmer in Bathang county in western Sichuan province, whose family has lost more than 60 percent of its herd. "At first we didn't know why. Later, the veterinarians told us it was because of the mine. We protested, but the mine continues to operate. They said they gave compensation to the government, but the government never gave us any."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chinese officials argue that they are bringing development and prosperity to regions that badly need the investment. They have also been quick to accuse mine protesters of political motivations and separatist aspirations, allegations that are sometimes used to justify tighter restrictions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Yes we blocked the road and smashed some machines, but we did those things not to split the country but to stop the mine," said Aben, 34, a nomad who said he participated in three or four protests against a silver, lead and zinc mine that began formal production in Bathang county's Chaluo township last year.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aben, who like some Tibetans uses only one name, said he was unafraid of speaking out because many hundreds of people had protested. "If there are only dozens of us, we dare not go," he said. "We hoped the government would develop tourism, but if the mine is in operation, who will come here?"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The mine does have its local supporters. "The government welcomes mining. Workers come with the mines and they will buy local goods, so the local economy will benefit," said Sun Kangjing, a Tibetan who is employed by nearby Cuola town.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chen Shaohua, chief of office for the Xiasai Silver Co. Ltd, the owner of the controversial mine in Bathang county, said the company had already paid $1.5 million in environmental compensation and was feeling squeezed by lower market prices for ore. He said that local Tibetans steal equipment such as electrical cable and that even those who live far from the site continue to demand money from the mine.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The more we produce, the more we lose. We already paid compensation to the local government. But as far as whether they paid the local Tibetans, we don't know," Chen said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A $50 million, seven-year government survey of the Tibetan plateau released in 2007 found as much as 40 million tons of copper reserves, 40 million tons of zinc and lead reserves, and more than 1 billion tons of iron reserves. Over the next several years, officials expect mining revenue in Tibet alone to reach $1.5 billion, or one-third of the autonomous region's gross domestic product. Last month, Qinghai province announced a new round of geological surveys that will cost $100 million and that are aimed at making more mining discoveries. In a sign of their nervousness about potential unrest, officials in recent years have instituted new rules aimed at banning freelance gold mining operations and have ordered mine owners to properly dispose of their waste or pay huge fines. But there is little sign that the rules are properly enforced or that the money is used to undo the damage.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Conflicts over mining are growing," said Luo Li, an economics professor at Minzu University who has studied Sichuan's Ganzi prefecture, where there are at least 90 mines in operation, accounting for 30 percent of the prefecture's GDP. "Generally speaking, ordinary people aren't consulted about mine projects in their area. It's mainly the local government's business."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Researcher Zhang Jie contributed to this report.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-7371263006989024548?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/7371263006989024548/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=7371263006989024548&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/7371263006989024548'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/7371263006989024548'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/tibetan-ire-mining.html' title='Tibetan Ire: Mining'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-1748661681723357244</id><published>2009-03-09T05:13:00.000-05:00</published><updated>2009-03-09T05:14:17.709-05:00</updated><title type='text'>Chinese Land in Secret Jails</title><content type='html'>March 9, 2009&lt;br /&gt;Seeking Justice&lt;br /&gt;By ANDREW JACOBS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BEIJING — They are often tucked away in the rough-and-tumble sections of the city’s south side, hidden beneath dingy hotels and guarded by men in dark coats. Known as “black houses,” they are unofficial jails for the pesky hordes of petitioners who flock to the capital seeking justice.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This month, Wang Shixiang, a 48-year-old businessman from Heilongjong Province, came to Beijing to agitate for the prosecution of corrupt policemen. Instead, he was seized and confined to a dank room underneath the Juyuan Hotel with 40 other abducted petitioners.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;During his two days in captivity, Mr. Wang said, he was beaten and deprived of food, and then bundled onto an overnight train. Guards who were paid with government money, he said, made sure he arrived at his front door.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As Beijing hosts 10 days of political pageantry known as the National People’s Congress, tens of thousands of desperate citizens are trying to seek redress by lodging formal complaints at petition offices. A few, when hope is lost, go to extremes, as a couple from the Xinjiang region did last week: they set their car afire on the city’s best-known shopping street, injuring themselves critically.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In his annual report to the legislature on Thursday, Prime Minister Wen Jiabao said China should use its petition system to head off social unrest in the face of a worsening economy. “We should improve the mechanism to resolve social conflicts, and guide the public to express their requests and interests through legal channels,” he said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to the state media, 10 million petitions have been filed in the last five years on complaints as diverse as illegal land seizures and unpaid wages. The numbers would be far higher but for the black houses, also called black jails, the newest weapon local officials use to prevent these aggrieved citizens from embarrassing them in front of central government superiors. Officially, these jails do not exist.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In China’s authoritarian state, senior officials tally petitions to get a rough sense of social order around the country. A successfully filed petition — however illusory the prospect of justice — is considered a black mark on the bureaucratic record of the local officials accused of wrongdoing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So the game, sometimes deadly, is to prevent a filing. The cat-and-mouse contest has created a sizable underground economy that enriches the interceptors, the police and those who run the city’s ad hoc detention centers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Human rights activists and petitioners say plainclothes security officers and hired thugs grab the aggrieved off the streets and hide them in a growing constellation of unmarked detention centers. There, the activists say, the aggrieved will be insulted, roughed up and then escorted back to their home provinces. Some are held for weeks and months without charge, activists say, and in a few cases, the beatings are fatal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The police in Beijing have done little to prevent such abuses. They are regularly accused of turning a blind eye or even helping local thugs round up petitioners. That raises suspicions that the central government is not especially upset about efforts to undermine the integrity of the petition system.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The petition system provides people with the semblance of an appeals process that top leaders hope will keep them off the streets. But for officials at all levels, it seems, the appearance of order — measured by reducing the number of petitions — is an acceptable approximation of actual order.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rights advocates say that black houses have sprouted in recent years partly because top leaders have put more pressure on local leaders to reduce the number of petitioners reaching Beijing. Two of the largest holding pens, Majialou and Jiujingzhuang, can handle thousands of detainees who are funneled to the smaller detention centers, where cellphones and identification cards are confiscated.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;China’s petition system originated in the Ming Dynasty, from the 14th to the 17th centuries A.D., when commoners wronged by local officials sought the intervention of the imperial court. Since the Communist Party came to power, the right to petition the central government has been enshrined in the Constitution.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;With few legal channels available, petitioners come to Beijing, saying it is their only hope for resolving grievances.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“I know my life is in danger, but I just can’t swallow this injustice,” said Mr. Wang, explaining why he has made 10 trips to Beijing in recent years, each ending in detention.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chinese Human Rights Defenders, an organization in Hong Kong that recently interviewed more than 3,000 petitioners, has documented what it says is the lucrative business of abduction and repatriation. “When you’re taken to a black jail, no one knows where you are and you are totally vulnerable,” said Wang Songlian, a researcher.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The authorities deny such a system exists. During testimony to the United Nations Rights Council last month, Song Hansong, a representative of China’s Supreme People’s Procurate, said, “There are no such things as black jails in our country.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But over the past year, rights workers have been gathering evidence of what they say is an underground network of jails, first established in 2005, that was aggressively expanded in the months before the Olympics.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alarmed by their unchecked spread, a group of lawyers has taken to organizing citizen raids that seek to free detainees through a show of force. Although they say instances of extralegal detention dropped after the Summer Games, one of the lawyers, Xu Zhiyong, said they rose sharply in recent days, coinciding with the start of the annual legislative session.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He and other advocates say that armies of paid interceptors have been roaming the city in pursuit of as many as 40,000 petitioners, many of whom have swarmed the entrances to the city’s main petition centers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By Friday, however, the tough-looking throngs of interceptors outside the State Council and supreme court petition offices appeared to outnumber would-be petitioners, whose worn shoes and sacks of paperwork make them easy to recognize.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wu Lijuan, a seasoned petitioner from Hubei Province, said she helped coordinate over 10,000 former bank employees who came to Beijing from across the nation last week. She said most of the petitioners, middle-aged women seeking more compensation for their dismissals, were rounded up outside the main petition office and put on buses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Those who escape the dragnets are often betrayed by employees at the very offices set up to process petitions. Sun Lixiu, 51, a farmer from Sichuan Province, said a clerk at the State Council petition office asked for her ID card, handed back an application form and then tipped off interceptors, who took her to a black jail, where she was held for a day.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“No one can be trusted,” said Ms. Sun, who is seeking to free her husband from the local police station, where he has been held since July, after accusing town officials of embezzlement.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On Sunday, Ms. Sun was seized again and taken to another black jail. She was still being held on Monday, according to a friend to whom she sent a text message.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The financial rewards for apprehending petitioners can be irresistible. According to a directive obtained by Chinese Human Rights Defenders, the police in one Hunan Province county are authorized to pay nearly $300 for each petitioner who is detained.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The money ends up in the pockets of the interceptors, corrupt petition clerks and those who run the black jails. The organization said that officers in one Beijing police precinct demanded as much as $140 for each petitioner they turned over to provincial interceptors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The story of Wu Bowen, 61, a retired shop clerk from Zhejiang Province, is typical. On Feb. 25 she came to the capital to file a petition seeking more compensation for the demolition of her home. The next day, as she sat on the curb, a policeman told her that as an out-of-towner, she had to register at the precinct.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Once there, however, the officer called the Zhejiang Province liaison office in Beijing. Soon after, a clutch of interceptors led her to a hotel not far from the city’s main tourist attractions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After nine days of confinement, Ms. Wu stole back her cellphone and revealed the hotel’s address to her son, who called the offices of The New York Times.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When three men reluctantly opened the door to Room 208 at the Zhanle Hotel, Ms. Wu cried out for help. Confounded by the presence of foreign journalists, the men seemed unable to prevent Ms. Wu from escaping, although they begged her to stay, saying she could not leave until a local county official arrived with their reward money.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Out on the street, Ms. Wu was shaken but undeterred. Asked if she wanted to be taken to the train station so she could return home, she shook her head. “No,” she said. “I’m going to stay in Beijing until I get justice.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jonathan Ansfield contributed reporting.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-1748661681723357244?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/1748661681723357244/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=1748661681723357244&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/1748661681723357244'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/1748661681723357244'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/chinese-land-in-secret-jails.html' title='Chinese Land in Secret Jails'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-6779186077187594814</id><published>2009-03-07T22:25:00.001-06:00</published><updated>2009-03-07T22:25:44.466-06:00</updated><title type='text'>IBM in Layoff Crosshairs</title><content type='html'>Friday, March 06, 2009 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Is IBM deliberately scaling back American jobs for foreign ones? Is Big Blue trying to keep news of layoffs out of the press and away from stockholders who might look to invest elsewhere?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For a number of reasons, one arguably being to keep IBM's stock a consistent darling of the market, it appears IBM is in a bit of a public relations pickle with how it is handling layoffs and how it may be trying to weasel around the notification laws regarding employees by doing layoffs in dribs and drabs instead of all at once.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It doesn't help that the day after reporting strong quarterly earnings on Jan. 20, IBM's CEO Sam Palmisano publicly said that while other companies are making cuts, IBM would "invest in its people," and yet the very next day layoffs were announced. Weeks after the earnings call, the company has eliminated or will be eliminating nearly 4,600 jobs in North America. That's not a number easily dismissed as normal cost-cutting activity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here is some background information from the New York Times article about the WARN Act, which dictates the rules of communication of layoffs to employees:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    The notification law, known as the WARN Act, is a legacy of an era when the economy was more dependent on manufacturers and legislators were concerned about blue-collar workers being locked out of their factory. That kind of shutdown is hard to hide, while white-collar layoffs spread across many locations are not.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    The WARN Act requires 60 days' notice, but the events that require notification are site-specific -- a plant closing, a layoff of 500 or more people at one location, or a cut of at least one-third of the work force at a site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    If notification is not required, the standard practice at large companies is to give 30 days' notice before a layoff. Some states have passed their own WARN Acts to cover more layoffs. California, for example, now requires a WARN notice when a company cuts 50 or more workers in one place. Last month, New York enacted a law requiring 90 days' notice when laying off 250 or more workers at a site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IBM isn't alone in this layoff predicament. Many companies, technology or otherwise, try and avoid press that can be construed as negative when it comes to labor relations and the elimination of jobs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But if the CEO is going to tell investors one thing, then take actions that show the opposite, it's no surprise that the spotlight is on the company right now, and perhaps IBM needs to spend some more time explaining its strategy. I imagine stockholders want a better understanding of what is going on here, as do employees who feel the company may be taking advantage of a downturn to boost numbers for the year.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-6779186077187594814?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/6779186077187594814/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=6779186077187594814&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/6779186077187594814'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/6779186077187594814'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/ibm-in-layoff-crosshairs.html' title='IBM in Layoff Crosshairs'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-2350713595378378720</id><published>2009-03-06T09:20:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2009-03-06T09:21:02.902-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Unemployment rate surged to 8.1%</title><content type='html'>March 7, 2009&lt;br /&gt;651,000 Jobs Reported Lost in February&lt;br /&gt;By JACK HEALY&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another 651,000 jobs were lost in February, adding to the millions of people who have been thrown out of work as the economic downturn deepens.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In a stark measure of the recession’s toll, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported on Friday that the national unemployment rate surged to 8.1 percent last month, its highest in 25 years. The economy has now shed more than 4.4 million jobs since the recession started in December 2007.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And economists expect that unemployment will continue to rise for the rest of the year and into early 2010, with the unemployment rate reaching 9 to 10 percent by the time a recovery begins. But even then, with so many job losses centered in manufacturing, economists say that many positions devoured during this recession will not be coming back.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“This is not people being on furlough for six weeks or a month or two — this is permanent job losses, and that is what makes this so difficult,” said John Silvia, chief economist at Wachovia. “That is very telling in terms of how we’re really restructuring the overall economy.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although the tally of February’s losses was grim, the 651,000 jobs lost last month were actually fewer than the number in each of the past two months, according to revisions reported Friday. Some 655,000 jobs were lost in January, when the unemployment rate rose to 7.6 percent. December’s decline was revised to 681,000, from 577,000.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On Wall Street, financial markets seemed to seize on the fact that monthly job losses had not increased in February, and stocks rose in early trading, a day after plunging more than 4 percent. The Dow Jones industrial average was up about 150 points in the first half-hour and the Standard &amp; Poor’s 500-stock index was 2.4 percent higher, but both were still hovering near their lowest levels since 1997.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;February marked the fourth consecutive month that the economy has shed more than 500,000 jobs, a pace that underscores the magnitude of the problems facing the Obama administration as it promises to save or create 3.5 million jobs over the next two years.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Last month, President Obama signed a $787 billion stimulus package of tax cuts, infrastructure spending and emergency aid. The first tax credits, in the form of reduced payroll withholdings, are expected to appear on paychecks beginning April 1.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But in testimony this week before Congress, federal officials again cautioned that even with the stimulus spending, a recovery will take time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The package “should provide a boost to demand and production over the next two years as well as mitigate the overall loss of employment and income,” the Federal Reserve chairman, Ben S. Bernanke, told the Senate Budget Committee, but the timing is “subject to considerable uncertainty.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The pace of job losses has only increased since the credit crisis shook financial markets last autumn, spawning a vicious circle of economic contraction that dragged down corporate earnings, consumer spending and overall growth. And Mr. Bernanke said in testimony this week that the labor market “may have worsened further in recent weeks.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“It just feels like we’re in the teeth of the recession, and the bite is still very hard,” said Stuart Hoffman, chief economist at PNC Financial. “This is economy-wide, industry-wide. It just shows the severity and the breadth of the job losses.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Economists worry that mounting job losses could make it harder for homeowners to make their mortgage payments, triggering another wave of home foreclosures, which would further depress home values and the mortgage-related securities owned by major banks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“We’re feeling the negative fallout from the intensification of the financial crisis,” Mickey Levy, chief economist at Bank of America, said. “We’re in the middle of the worst stage of job losses as well as the speed of contraction of gross domestic product.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Workers from New York to Florida, from the Rust Belt to the Sun Belt, and across nearly every sector of the economy are being affected as employers reduce costs by slashing their payrolls and cutting their capital investment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“There’s been no place to hide,” Mr. Hoffman said. “Everybody in every industry has lost jobs or is feeling insecure about whether they’re going to keep their jobs or how their company’s going to do.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Retailers cut 39,500 jobs, and the construction industry cut 104,000 jobs as the housing market remained in the doldrums and home builders all but halted new-home construction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Manufacturers alone slashed a seasonally adjusted 168,000 jobs in February, cutting payrolls in factories that produce machinery, electronics, furniture and metals.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the New York region, the Federal Reserve’s beige book noted earlier this week, that hiring “has virtually ground to a halt since the beginning of the year, during what is usually a busy season,” with large financial firms having “all but stopped hiring.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Both manufacturing and non-manufacturing firms in the district report increasingly widespread cutbacks in their employment levels in February,” the report said of New York, “and a sizable proportion expect further retrenchment in the next six months.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mark Ortiz was one of those who joined the ranks of the unemployed in February. Mr. Ortiz lost his job at the art-framing company where he had worked for 11 years, most recently as the production manager.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“You spend all this time doing this, and now what?” he said. “It’s almost like I’ve gotten divorced and I’ve got to find a new wife.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He has plastered his résumé across the Internet and searches for jobs every day from his home on Long Island, but his search for a good-paying job has been hampered by the fact that he went straight to work when he was younger, and never got a college degree.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“I was a guy who worked his whole life,” Mr. Ortiz said. “That was a major strike against me, a major strike.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The jobless rate for people with a bachelor’s degree or beyond is 4.1 percent — its highest point in years, but still lower than the unemployment rate for people with less education. Of workers with only a high-school diploma, 8.3 percent were unemployed, and 12.6 percent of people who did not graduate from high school were unemployed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Still, years of professional experience and multiple degrees, including one in law, have not sheltered people like Jeffrey Green, 53, of Placentia, Calif.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mr. Green said he had sent out 1,000 résumés and posted his credentials on more than 100 job boards since he was laid off from his management position at a data-analysis firm in January. With no immediate prospects in sight, he is considering going to Japan to teach English, reprising his Japanese studies from his years as a college undergraduate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“I’m just resigned,” he said. “I’m thinking, if I’m not going to make a lot of money I may as well have fun doing it.”&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-2350713595378378720?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/2350713595378378720/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=2350713595378378720&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/2350713595378378720'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/2350713595378378720'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/unemployment-rate-surged-to-81.html' title='Unemployment rate surged to 8.1%'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-9097047860524647385</id><published>2009-03-06T07:42:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2009-03-06T07:43:12.266-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Spyware is hot seller</title><content type='html'>Despite official ban, spyware is hot seller in China&lt;br /&gt;By Calum MacLeod, USA TODAY&lt;br /&gt;BEIJING — The Chinese government doesn't have a monopoly on spying here anymore. Despite an official ban on James Bond-like hidden surveillance tools such as cameras disguised as pens or buttons, sales of such products in China are soaring.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Experts attribute the trend to the growth of private investigation firms, the improved quality of such gadgets — and, more generally, a broad disregard for privacy rights in a country where the communist government openly monitors its citizens to control what they say, read and write.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Everybody feels unsafe now," says Liu Renwen, a law professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, a top government think tank. He calls covert video and audio surveillance "an ever more serious problem in China" and has urged the government to pass a privacy law that was drafted six years ago — but has yet to be enacted.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many of the gadgets are made in China's southern Guangdong province, where they are exported to countries around the world, including the USA.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Our sunglasses with camera are easy to carry and look very cool to wear," boasts Kevin Chen of Lanmda Technology, a specialist spy camera maker. At Chinavasion, a large online retailer, the "secret agent pen with camcorder" is the most popular item sold, company representative Rose Li says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Both companies, based in the city of Shenzhen, say they sell such products only abroad because the Chinese government forbids private citizens from using hidden cameras. "There would be big demand in China, but we are not allowed to sell here yet," Li says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Somebody is doing it anyway. Despite multiple raids by Chinese authorities, unbranded spy products are easy to find in China's cities. In December, Beijing police raided the Sea Dragon Electronics City, one of China's largest appliance malls, seizing equipment and busting more than 20 private investigation companies who use spy equipment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This week, several stores at Sea Dragon still offered spy pens and other covert filming devices.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"This is the fifth generation of secret camera pen in the past year alone," says Li Yan, one of multiple vendors in the nine-story mall selling the device for about $40, depending on the buyer's bargaining skills. "Sales are great," she says. "I don't ask why customers need these products, and they don't tell me."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Official surveillance&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;China is trying to crack down on its citizens' cameras at the same time it's installing more of its own. The government has put up more than 300,000 security cameras in Beijing alone as part of a seven-year project to expand surveillance around the country.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many dissidents are kept under close watch by Chinese authorities. Four surveillance cameras are located outside the apartment of Gao Yaojie, 82, an AIDS activist whom Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton met in Beijing last month, says Chung To, founder of the Hong Kong-based Chi Heng Foundation, which supports Gao's work. The Chinese government routinely censors Internet sites and detains dissident leaders.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Liu says many Chinese expect someone is watching them. "It recalls the era of the Cultural Revolution, when nobody had any privacy," he says, referring to Mao Zedong's crackdown on dissidents during the 1960s and '70s. "Privacy is a complicated issue in China," he says. "In the USA, you need a judge to approve bugging, but in China, the security forces can approve it internally. It will be difficult to balance the country's security needs with the need for privacy."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wang Zongyu, a law professor at People's University in Beijing, has lobbied for better signage to inform citizens where the government has installed closed-circuit cameras.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He says ordinary Chinese mimic the government's actions. "The use of secret cameras by individuals, private investigators and law firms is spreading unchecked across China," he says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sales of surveillance cameras — excluding illegal spy tools — leapt 25% in 2008, says Liu Cunxin, deputy secretary-general of the China Security and Protection Industry Association.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Benefits and drawbacks&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Though the technology is commonly used to help spouses who suspect their partners of infidelity, some say secret cameras can benefit China's most disadvantaged people.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At the Farmers' Rights law firm in Beijing, director Wang Huanshen shows off a camera pen and other spy gear used to gather evidence in politically sensitive cases where officials have expropriated farmland.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Elsewhere, the backlash has begun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Individuals using spy cameras risk violence and may find their footage is inadmissible in court, says Liu Changjiang, president of Beijing Orient Business Investigation, a private investigation company. "Many private investigators in China use spy cameras, but they are illegal, so we don't," he says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Covert surveillance equipment is not good for a 'harmonious society,' " says Liu Cunxin, using the watchwords of Chinese President Hu Jintao.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The disadvantages far outweigh the advantages. If this is not controlled, people won't dare to talk to each other anymore or have any kind of exchanges," he says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Richard Chace, CEO of the Virginia-based Security Industry Association, an industry group, says that without urgent action to stop the sale of private spy gear, China risks more incidents of "vigilante justice" as people take matters into their own hands.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The government can't keep up with the technology. They need to figure out a balance between what their politics and culture will allow and what they are willing to let their people do," says Chace, a regular visitor to China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Or, as Liu Cunxin puts it, "The advance of technology does not always mean progress."&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-9097047860524647385?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/9097047860524647385/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=9097047860524647385&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/9097047860524647385'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/9097047860524647385'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/spyware-is-hot-seller.html' title='Spyware is hot seller'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-5752607809537262365</id><published>2009-03-06T07:09:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2009-03-06T07:10:16.301-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Spend more to grow</title><content type='html'>Leader says China will spend more to grow&lt;br /&gt;By Calum MacLeod, USA TODAY&lt;br /&gt;BEIJING — In a world with precious little good economic news, all eyes this week swung to China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Investors were cautiously cheered by the first signs that a massive $585 billion stimulus program was spurring economic rejuvenation. A key purchasing managers index rose for the third-consecutive month. And there were hints that Premier Wen Jiabao might even announce a second stimulus package at this week's annual meeting of the National People's Congress, China's rubber-stamp legislature.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As it happened, Wen on Thursday disappointed hopes of a new round of pump-priming. But in a nationally televised address, the Chinese premier vowed to do whatever is needed for China to grow at an annual rate of 8% this year. "We will significantly increase government spending," he told the opening session of China's top legislature, the National People's Congress (NPC).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Western investment banks expect China's economy, which was growing at a nearly 12% annual rate in mid-2008, to struggle to hit Wen's goal. Growth slowed to an annual pace of 6.8% in the final three months of last year. But analysts say the government is far from running out of weapons to fight the global downturn.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We know that there are projects amounting to $1.1 (trillion) to $1.5 trillion that officials can authorize whenever they feel it's time," says economist Stephen Green of Standard Chartered Bank in Shanghai. "But keeping stuff in the back pocket is a good idea, as it will be at least two years before exports recover."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The financial crisis has hit China's job-rich export processing sector hardest. Slowing U.S. and European economies mean fewer orders for Chinese makers of furniture, toys and clothing. "It grieves me too much to reveal our sales figures," says Yan Wufang, general manager of bra maker Shantou Yaofa in Guangdong province.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Government policies such as a 17% tax rebate "have been good for our business, but conditions remain very difficult. Some foreign clients placed orders but failed to pay up," says Yan, who has laid off dozens of workers in recent months.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We hope more Americans will buy our underwear, but it's not enough to rely on American and Chinese efforts. We need a global economic recovery," he says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Restaurateur Huang Geng, founder of a 200-outlet chain of midprice eateries, says that the initial stimulus plan already has been good for business.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"It encourages people to spend money. Expensive business dinners have shrunk in this economic climate, but affordable places like mine, under $10 per head, enjoy steady demand," says Huang, who plans to open a new restaurant in Beijing next month, creating 20 new jobs. "I am very confident about the future."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beijing's one-party system offers clear advantages in dealing with this crisis, says Sherman Chan, an economist in the Sydney office of Moody's Economy.com. "Once the central government sets a target, they go for it immediately," she says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chan sees two early signs of success for China: a surge in bank lending and encouraging recent figures on the purchasing managers index (PMI). The February PMI, released Wednesday, reached a level of 49. That's just short of indicating manufacturing expansion and up sharply since reaching an all-time low of 38.8 in November.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At the NPC Thursday, where 3,000 handpicked delegates listened to Wen's two-hour speech, several noted quick results from Beijing 's emergency measures to speed growth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We are building more low-cost housing, and renovating many school classrooms," said Jiang Sixian, vice governor of Hainan, an island province off China 's southern coast. "Consumer confidence is good. We received more domestic tourists in January and February than we did last year, and their expenditure has also increased."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tropical tourism is a remote concept for many hard-pressed Chinese, who save much of their incomes to compensate for the absence of government programs covering major expenses such as health care. The government plans to increase spending on health care and other programs this year.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But in southwest China's Youyang, laborer Luo Yiqiong waits to see if the government's promises will reach her 60-year-old mother, a farmer. "Central government policies are very good, but it's very hard to have them implemented at the grass roots," Lou complains.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-5752607809537262365?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/5752607809537262365/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=5752607809537262365&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/5752607809537262365'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/5752607809537262365'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/spend-more-to-grow.html' title='Spend more to grow'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-4670093490244982162</id><published>2009-03-05T05:26:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2009-03-05T05:27:02.861-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Ford proposes restructuring $10B in debt</title><content type='html'>Thursday, March 5, 2009&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Carmaker seeks to strengthen balance sheet, says it does not need federal loan.&lt;br /&gt;Bryce G. Hoffman / The Detroit News&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;DEARBORN -- Ford Motor Co. outlined plans Wednesday to restructure up to $10.4 billion in corporate debt to reduce interest expenses, strengthen its balance sheet and, most importantly, comply with the provisions of a tentative agreement it reached last month with the United Auto Workers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The move answers a burning question on Wall Street: How will Ford match bondholder concessions rivals General Motors Corp. and Chrysler LLC are required to make as part of their federal loan agreements?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We don't intend to take government loans," Ford spokesman Mark Truby said. "But we want to participate in the overall restructuring that is going on in the industry. Debt is a key piece of that."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Though GM and Chrysler are still haggling with union leaders, Ford reached an agreement with the UAW last month that would allow the Dearborn automaker to cover up to half its contribution to a union-run retiree health care fund with stock instead of cash -- saving Ford billions of dollars. In addition, the deal allows Ford to cut bonuses and make important changes to work rules that it says are necessary to be competitive with foreign rivals.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The agreement with the UAW still must be ratified by workers, but Ford said Wednesday that it is contingent on the company winning concessions from bondholders similar to those the government demanded of GM and Chrysler -- specifically, restructuring two-thirds of their unsecured debt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ford's unsecured debt totals about $9 billion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Both sides win in this," said Mark Oline, an analyst at Fitch Ratings. He said Ford is using the fact that it has more cash than its domestic competitors to strike a deal with bondholders and satisfy the union's demands for "shared sacrifice" by all parties.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"This is going to be a much more difficult play for General Motors," Oline said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The UAW contract amendment will go into effect as soon as it is ratified, according to sources familiar with the situation, but Ford will have to continue working with bondholders if the deals announced Wednesday fail to get enough takers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nearly $21 billion of Ford's $25.8 billion in outstanding debt is affected by the offerings. The company has set aside $2.2 billion in cash -- $400 million in automotive cash and $1.8 billion from Ford Credit -- enough to repurchase or convert up $10.4 billion of that.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Specifically, the automaker has launched an offer to convert its 4.25 percent senior convertible notes due Dec. 15, 2036, that will pay bondholders $80 in cash for each $1,000 in face value to convert those notes into stock. Bondholders would receive 108 Ford shares for each $1,000 note.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Up to $4.9 billion in bonds could be converted. The company said the move would not significantly dilute existing stockholders' shares because most of the shares that would go to those who convert were set aside when the bonds were issued.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Additionally, Ford Motor Credit issued a $1.3 billion cash tender offer for unsecured, non-convertible debt securities. Under the terms of this deal, the company will pay the majority of these bondholders 30 cents on the dollar for their notes, which are trading at about 20 cents on the dollar, provided they sign up by March 19. After that, most will get 27 cents on the dollar for their bonds. This has the potential to retire up to $4.2 billion in unsecured debt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Both offers expire April 3.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition, Ford Credit is issuing another $500 million cash tender offer for its senior unsecured term loan debt. This will be handled through an auction process and could retire another $1.3 billion in debt, depending on the auction price. This offer expires on March 26.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The debt restructuring plan we are announcing today is a critical step in Ford's overall transformation," CEO Alan Mulally said in a statement. "We are continuing to work with all of our stakeholders -- including employees, dealers and suppliers -- to secure Ford's future in this difficult economic environment."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Moody's Investors Service downgraded Ford's debt, saying the move increases the probability of default.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Moody's views the exchange and tender offers as a distressed exchange," the firm said in a note to investors, though it also said the move could strengthen Ford's ratings once the deal is done. "It is ... possible that Ford's rating outlook will be changed to 'stable' from 'negative' to reflect the financial and capital structure benefits resulting from the conversion and tender transactions, as well as agreements with the UAW."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Other ratings agencies could view the move as a default on Ford's bonds, as it is buying them back for less than face value. Fitch, however, reaffirmed its current rating of Ford's debt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We don't view this as a default, because it's voluntary," Oline said. "If the investors turn down the exchange offer, then Ford's balance sheet would be worse off. But anytime you reduce debt, that's a good thing."&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-4670093490244982162?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/4670093490244982162/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=4670093490244982162&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/4670093490244982162'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/4670093490244982162'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/ford-proposes-restructuring-10b-in-debt.html' title='Ford proposes restructuring $10B in debt'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-2365012796930684695</id><published>2009-03-05T05:18:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2009-03-05T05:19:19.693-06:00</updated><title type='text'>China Vows Openness</title><content type='html'>In Crisis, China Vows Openness&lt;br /&gt;Government Also Says It Will 'Dramatically Increase' Stimulus Program&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By Ariana Eunjung Cha&lt;br /&gt;Washington Post Foreign Service&lt;br /&gt;Thursday, March 5, 2009; A10&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BEIJING, March 5 -- In his first online chat with China's 1.3 billion citizens this weekend, Premier Wen Jiabao tried to charm his audience. He talked about advice he got from his mother, disclosed that he no longer has time to cook at home and admitted he was "a little bit nervous" because it was his first time talking directly to his compatriots on the Internet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The most revealing part of his talk, however, may be what Wen said about government transparency and accountability. "I have always believed that the public has the right to know what its government is doing and thinking about, and the right to criticize and make comments on government policies," he wrote.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It was almost as if Wen were campaigning for reelection, an effort unnecessary in China, where the Communist Party enjoys a monopoly on political power. But as the top legislative body, the National People's Congress, holds its annual meeting Thursday in Beijing, China's leaders acknowledge that these are extraordinary times.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;China's economic growth is slowing at an alarming pace and it is facing anti-government protests in some of its largest cities. Wen's online comments reflect the two-pronged approach Beijing is taking toward growing public unease as more companies collapse and unemployment grows.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even as they continue harsh crackdowns against critics, China's leaders are expanding opportunities for discussion and debate as a way of allowing the country's citizenry to vent without taking to the streets. Academics disagree over whether these are the first tentative steps toward a new openness or whether they are just techniques for suppressing dissent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"If the government is opinionated and won't listen and communicate with the public efficiently during the economic crisis, it may increase the mistrust of the government, which leads to a big split between government and people," said Wang Yukai, a public administration specialist with the National School of Administration.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to the text of a speech to China's legislators on Thursday, Wen vowed to "dramatically increase" government investment, beyond what it had already injected, to counter the sharp slowdown in its economy. Wen predicted that as a result, China's gross domestic product would grow 8 percent in 2009, significantly higher than the 6 to 7 percent forecast by outside analysts. Wen also said the government will take measures to boost domestic consumption, increase agricultural subsidies and maintain the stability of its currency. "Neither the fundamentals of China's economic and social development nor its positive long-term trend has changed. We are fully confident that we will overcome difficulties and challenges," Wen said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wen also said China was ready to "create conditions for ending the state of hostility" with Taiwan through talks about cross-strait political and military issues.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As China's leaders meet this week to discuss how to get its economy back on track, implement more social welfare programs and raise the standard of living for rural residents, the discussions are expected to revolve around whether the government can do so in a transparent and accountable way.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;China is facing pressure from within and outside the party to make sure the money for its $586 billion stimulus package and other programs is spent fairly and wisely. Fourteen high-ranking party elders submitted a letter to President Hu Jintao and the Politburo Standing Committee members at the end of January saying that any details of the economic stimulus plan should be "subject to real and effective democratic procedures" and that media controls related to reporting about the stimulus package should be loosened.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We are very worried about the possibility of people seizing special power and corrupt officials seeking opportunities for their own benefit, destroying the relationship between the Party and People and stirring social conflict," they wrote. Their call has been bolstered by a request filed by Yan Yiming, an influential attorney from Shanghai, who has demanded that the Ministry of Finance and the National Development and Reform Commission publicly release details about investment sources and funding recipients from the main stimulus plan. Yan's efforts have been widely praised on the Internet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The official New China News Agency on Monday said that the government will partially yield to calls to open its books -- a significant move for a government that has long considered its budgets state secrets. Also this week, a high-level justice official said the Chinese court system, after months of rejecting lawsuits by parents of children who became sick after drinking tainted milk powder, will begin accepting them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the 30 years since China began introducing market-oriented reforms, it has vowed that they would come with a more open government. Last May, the government passed a landmark rule on the disclosure of government information. While the measure was symbolically important, many of its promises have not been met.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Large amount of contents should have been opened to the public but haven't because some government officials' old concepts were hard to change. It has been a big obstacle . . . [in] improving accountability and transparency," Wang said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is historical precedent to justify officials' reluctance to open up. China's leaders are cognizant of how Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost policy, which sought to provide openness and transparency in government activities, eventually weakened the party in the Soviet Union.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Researchers Wang Juan and Liu Liu contributed to this report.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-2365012796930684695?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/2365012796930684695/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=2365012796930684695&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/2365012796930684695'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/2365012796930684695'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/china-vows-openness.html' title='China Vows Openness'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-2922158694944241785</id><published>2009-03-04T05:17:00.001-06:00</published><updated>2009-03-04T05:17:46.288-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Despair Mounting Among Migrant Workers</title><content type='html'>In China, Despair Mounting Among Migrant Workers&lt;br /&gt;Millions Are Without Jobs, Options&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By Ariana Eunjung Cha&lt;br /&gt;Washington Post Foreign Service&lt;br /&gt;Wednesday, March 4, 2009; A10&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;YIWU, China -- Li Jiang was hungry. Huddled in the freezing rain with more than 1,000 other people at 6 a.m., he stood patiently in line hoping he had come early enough to get some of the free rice porridge steaming in giant cauldrons nearby.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It was an unfamiliar feeling for Li. For the past 11 years, he had been making a comfortable living on a steady stream of construction and factory jobs that afforded him fancy cellphones and other modern luxuries. But he was laid off two months ago, and it has been impossible to find work since.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"This is an unfair society," said Li, 27. "The government isn't giving much help, and there are too many bosses who are out to cheat us." It is the first time in his life, he said, that he has felt such deprivation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Six months into what economists and labor experts say is China's worst job crisis since it began market reforms 30 years ago, many among the most vulnerable -- an estimated 20 million workers who lost their jobs after migrating from the countryside to cities -- are becoming desperate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As tens of thousands of manufacturing companies have collapsed amid slowing demand due to the global economic crisis, the laid-off workers can no longer find jobs in the cities. For many, returning to their rural roots is not a possibility because their families' farmland has been sold off to make room for shopping malls, office high-rises and apartment complexes -- leaving them with no safety net. Even those lucky enough to have kept their farming plots have been hit hard by a drought -- the country's worst in 50 years, according to the government -- which has affected up to 80 percent of the land for winter crops.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The drought has had a big impact on farmers. Some villages are out of food," said Lu Xuejing, a professor at the Capital University of Economics and Business in Beijing. The impact has been especially pronounced in the nation's northwest, in provinces such as Gansu, where high temperatures combined with sparse rainfall have dried up riverbeds and killed wheat crops. This convergence of factors has meant the unthinkable for a country that in recent years has enjoyed double-digit growth in gross domestic product: As many as 10 percent of China's 130 million migrant workers face what Renmin University professor Yao Yuqun calls "bread-and-butter issues." They are having trouble putting food on the table because "they no longer have farmland, and they lost their jobs in the cities," Yao said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Food lines like the one in Yiwu recall the worst period in modern Chinese economic history -- the 1958-61 famine that resulted from the Great Leap Forward, when, as part of a plan to transform a largely agrarian society into an industrialized one, millions abandoned their farms to work in factories, leading to food shortages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;China is not in any danger of that happening again. Since then, the country has kept generous reserves of grains, pork and other staples, and it has an estimated $2 trillion in foreign exchange reserves that it can use to buy the food it needs from elsewhere.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The challenge for China's leaders is to ensure that no one goes hungry, without moving the country back to the iron-rice-bowl era, when the state guaranteed cradle-to-grave employment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The central government has responded to the sharp economic contraction by focusing on job creation and vocational training rather than handouts with its $586 billion stimulus package. Some city and provincial governments have taken a different approach, handing out food coupons for the first time. They have also distributed vegetable oil and other essentials, but these programs are limited.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Meanwhile, China's social welfare system is a work in progress and will be one of the main items on the agenda this week at the annual meeting of the National People's Congress in Beijing. A proposal to create a universal safety net that includes unemployment insurance for all citizens was released for public comment in December, but it is yet to be implemented.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wealthier citizens are trying to fill the gap between what the government is offering and the need they see in their neighborhoods, by starting soup kitchens and other charitable endeavors like the one in Yiwu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As it has gradually opened up its economy, China has periodically struggled with high unemployment. The most recent crisis before this one was in the late 1980s to mid-1990s, when many of the country's state-owned enterprises were privatized. But that shift affected only one segment of the population. "There was almost no problem with migrant workers and fresh graduates from college. However, now the unemployment problem is nationwide," said Chen Bulei, a labor law researcher at Renmin University in Beijing. Chen said that the unemployment issue today "is not only a simple economic problem," but also a social one. This has been evident in the protests that unemployed workers have staged in recent months.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"It's like migrant workers are crossing a river to reach the bank. Right now they are just in the middle of the river. The moving has not yet finished -- can they obtain equal treatment as city citizens? If this cannot be solved effectively, migrant workers are a very unstable factor," Chen said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A year ago, Yiwu was a showcase for a booming China. The streets were filled with shiny new cars shuttling businessmen to meetings to sign multimillion-dollar manufacturing deals for products such as blankets, calculators and toys. Restaurants were doing brisk business in shark-fin soup and other delicacies. Hotels were overbooked.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These days, the mood in Yiwu is depressed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Storefronts for exporters that have gone out of business are boarded up. Rows of sleeping migrant workers fill the sidewalks. On a recent weekday morning, people lined up for the rice porridge being given away by Lin Ruxin, who owns a local printing factory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lin, 50, said he opened the food station in early January when he began to notice that more and more people were gathering in front of the unemployment office and that many of them would stay there the whole day without eating. He organized a few volunteers and dipped into his savings to fund the breakfast service. They begin cooking at 10 p.m. and work all night until about 6 a.m., when they start giving away the food. Each serving also includes some pickled vegetables and two buns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"I feel for them," Lin said. "When I was a child, I went through the Cultural Revolution, and when I started my own business, I also had a hard time. Everywhere I went, I got knocked down. This is the situation the migrant workers are in now."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many of the people in the food line are down to their last 10 or 20 yuan, the equivalent of a few dollars, and have hawked all their worldly possessions. They eat crouched in corners or on the street as cars whiz by.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"To be honest, the porridge is tasteless and the buns have no nutrition, but when you have no money, everything tastes delicious as long as it can fill you up," said Li, who does not even have enough money for the bus fare to get him back home to Guizhou, a province about 950 miles away, in China's southwest.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nearby are Wu Kailing, 40, his wife, Wen Shengju, 40, and their daughter, Wu Ying, 14. They had not been able to find any work in their home province of Sichuan and saw something on television about this city's small commodities market. But they have not found work, and they have used up their life savings.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wu said that his family has one-third of an acre of land at home and that that is not enough to feed his family, "so going home, we'd still go hungry." His one hope is for a better life for his daughter. "I don't care what she does in the future -- I just hope she won't be like us. I feel we are not treated fairly."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When Lin started the food line two months ago, the 1,200 portions he was giving away each day would last about two hours. These days every bit is often gone in 45 minutes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Researchers Crissie Ding in Yiwu and Liu Liu in Beijing contributed to this report.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/96800985024784921-2922158694944241785?l=centerton-ar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/feeds/2922158694944241785/comments/default' title='帖子评论'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=96800985024784921&amp;postID=2922158694944241785&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 条评论'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/2922158694944241785'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/96800985024784921/posts/default/2922158694944241785'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://centerton-ar.blogspot.com/2009/03/despair-mounting-among-migrant-workers.html' title='Despair Mounting Among Migrant Workers'/><author><name>Henry Pan</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/106712928236471873302</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh3.googleusercontent.com/-IPIBrf-YBRE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAY8/cO80RYPLUqs/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-96800985024784921.post-1579420998980403254</id><published>2009-03-04T05:16:00.001-06:00</published><updated>2009-03-04T05:16:39.005-06:00</updated><title type='text'>No bottom seen for auto sales</title><content type='html'>Wednesday, March 4, 2009&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All major carmakers hit as U.S. market falls 41%&lt;br /&gt;Bryce G. Hoffman, Robert Snell and Alisa Priddle / The Detroit News&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A deepening recession and growing consumer anxiety sent U.S. automobile sales plummeting in February to levels one executive called "unsustainable."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Overall industry sales plunged more than 41 percent, from nearly 1.8 million vehicles in February 2008 to 688,909 last month, putting more pressure on General Motors Corp. and Chrysler LLC as they scramble to convince the federal government they are worth saving. But the dramatic drop also exposed how much the U.S. economy has weakened, making the failure of one or both of the automakers all the riskier.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;GM's sales were down a staggering 53.1 percent year over year, leaving it with 18.3 percent of the U.S. market, compared to 22.9 percent a year ago, according to Autodata Corp.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"It's unsettling to our business and, clearly, we hope we're seeing the trough and that we will see growth as the (Obama) stimulus package kicks in," said Mike DiGiovanni, GM's executive director of global market analysis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"If we don't see that, these are obviously unsustainable levels that are causing almost every major auto manufacturer to look for government aid."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On Tuesday, the federal government launched a $200 billion program to help provide credit to spur consumer borrowing for items including autos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ford Motor Co.'s sales dropped more than 48 percent, cutting its market share to 14.4 percent -- a loss of 1.9 points.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Last month, Ford said it believed that retail sales were bottoming out, but reversed course on Tuesday. "We did not reach the bottom," said Ford economist Emily Kolinski Morris. "In today's fragile economic environment, we have to be careful not to miss a signal that conditions are worsening."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;She said a number of economic indicators are worrisome, including rising unemployment and declining consumer confidence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chrysler did slightly better than its crosstown rivals, with sales down 44 percent. But it put unprecedented incentives on many of its models, raising questions about how it could make money from those sales.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mike Keegan, Chrysler vice president of volume planning and sales operations, said the carmaker's "year-over-year change in incentives is in line with key competitors."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But data collected by Edmunds.com, which tracks incentive spending by all automakers, show that Chrysler's average per vehicle incentive was thousands more than either GM's or Ford's. Last month, the average Chrysler incentive was $5,556 -- more than $2,000 higher than it was a year ago, and more than $2,000 higher than its crosstown rivals.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even with such record high spending, Chrysler lost market share, dropping to 12.2 percent from 12.8 percent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even Japan's automotive giants, which have fared better than their American competitors, were sent reeling in February.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Toyota Motor Corp.'s sales were down nearly 40 percent, though its share of the U.S. market increased from 15.5 percent a year ago to 15.9 percent last month.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Consumers have been through a lot right now. Unemployment is a concern, availability of credit is a concern, and there's the perceived wealth factor," said Bob Carter, general manager of Toyota Motor Sales' Toyota division. "These all affect consumer confidence levels."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Honda Motor Co. saw its sales fall 38 percent, but its market share increased from 9.8 percent to 10.4 percent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nissan Motor Co.'s sales were off just over 37 percent, but its share of the market edged up to 7.9 percent from 7.3 percent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Analyst Rebecca Lindland of IHS Global Insight said the fact that all of the major automakers posted poor results in February could actually help GM and Chrysler, which must show they can be viable by March 31 under the terms of their federal loans. She noted that even Toyota's financial arm is asking the Japanese government for financial aid.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The economy isn't doing these companies any favors," she said. "Even as healthy a company as Toyota was is looking for help. I don't know that we can judge GM and Chrysler too harshly."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bloomberg News reported today that Honda and Mazda also may follow Toyota in asking the Japanese government for money to lend to U.S. car buyers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;GM, which almost ran out of cash in December before receiving a $13.4 billion federal loan package, is asking the Obama administration for additional loans worth up to $16.6 billion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That request was predicated on U.S. industry sales of 1
